Counselling in Spotswood, VIC

Photo of Christine Harris, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Christine Harris
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Christine is a Clinical Psychologist who has a special interest in supporting clients to process and understand past trauma and move beyond issues that have held them back. She also has a special interest in supporting clients who are experiencing fertility issues and undertaking ART, as well as those who are experiencing general adjustment issues, depression and anxiety. Christine believes that everyone has the ability to change and lead a more fulfilling and content life. She works collaboratively with clients to develop goals and strategies and finds that therapy works best when clients are able to play an active role.
Christine is a Clinical Psychologist who has a special interest in supporting clients to process and understand past trauma and move beyond issues that have held them back. She also has a special interest in supporting clients who are experiencing fertility issues and undertaking ART, as well as those who are experiencing general adjustment issues, depression and anxiety. Christine believes that everyone has the ability to change and lead a more fulfilling and content life. She works collaboratively with clients to develop goals and strategies and finds that therapy works best when clients are able to play an active role.
(03) 9111 5326 View (03) 9111 5326
Photo of Jeannie Leggett, PACFA, Counsellor
Jeannie Leggett
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Not accepting new clients
I am a counsellor and psychotherapist working with individual adults who would like to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, others, and the world. I have a particular interest in trauma, whether from attachment issues, abusive or hurtful relationships, accidents and injury, illness, or natural disasters. I am interested in the transitions made throughout the lifespan, both expected and unexpected, gradual and sudden. I also have clinical experience with anxiety, depression, grief and loss, recovery from family violence, and support for parents of special needs children.
I am a counsellor and psychotherapist working with individual adults who would like to gain a deeper understanding of themselves, others, and the world. I have a particular interest in trauma, whether from attachment issues, abusive or hurtful relationships, accidents and injury, illness, or natural disasters. I am interested in the transitions made throughout the lifespan, both expected and unexpected, gradual and sudden. I also have clinical experience with anxiety, depression, grief and loss, recovery from family violence, and support for parents of special needs children.
(03) 7003 2030 View (03) 7003 2030
Photo of Dr Jennifer Menon, PsychD, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Dr Jennifer Menon
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I work with adults who present with concerns related to Trauma, Chronic Disease, Pain, Anxiety (generalised anxiety, panic, social anxiety, phobias etc) and Depression.
I work with adults who present with concerns related to Trauma, Chronic Disease, Pain, Anxiety (generalised anxiety, panic, social anxiety, phobias etc) and Depression.
(03) 8658 2201 View (03) 8658 2201
Photo of Dimitri Hawa, MA, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Dimitri Hawa
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Dimitri has significant experience providing psychotherapy with adults. Areas of expertise include relationship issues, grief, depression, anxiety, anger management, neurodiverse challenges (ADHD/ASD), and, facilitating the process of psychological recovery from trauma and complex trauma (i., e childhood/adult abuse issues, domestic violence, family dysfunction, childhood neglect). Dimitri has worked as a private practice over several years, school psychologist, Victims of Crime, Transport Accident Commission (TAC), NDIS disability work, along with previous experience in the provision of psychological support in prison settings.
Dimitri has significant experience providing psychotherapy with adults. Areas of expertise include relationship issues, grief, depression, anxiety, anger management, neurodiverse challenges (ADHD/ASD), and, facilitating the process of psychological recovery from trauma and complex trauma (i., e childhood/adult abuse issues, domestic violence, family dysfunction, childhood neglect). Dimitri has worked as a private practice over several years, school psychologist, Victims of Crime, Transport Accident Commission (TAC), NDIS disability work, along with previous experience in the provision of psychological support in prison settings.
(03) 9007 2339 View (03) 9007 2339
Photo of Kyo Chung, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Kyo Chung
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Mental and emotional wellbeing is essential for us to achieve our goals and be the best version of ourselves. Not understanding the functions of our emotions can lead to poor emotional regulation or ineffective communication. This can cause depression, anxiety and interpersonal difficulties. We sometimes develop unhelpful ways to cope with life's challenges. I can help you discover ways to decipher important information about our emotions so that you can learn to use it as a guide map to achieve your goals, and build fulfilling relationships.
Mental and emotional wellbeing is essential for us to achieve our goals and be the best version of ourselves. Not understanding the functions of our emotions can lead to poor emotional regulation or ineffective communication. This can cause depression, anxiety and interpersonal difficulties. We sometimes develop unhelpful ways to cope with life's challenges. I can help you discover ways to decipher important information about our emotions so that you can learn to use it as a guide map to achieve your goals, and build fulfilling relationships.
(03) 9327 2769 View (03) 9327 2769
Photo of Kiri Tsalparos, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member, Psychologist
Kiri Tsalparos
Psychologist, Australian Association of Psychologists - Member
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I am a registered psychologist and AHPRA board approved supervisor. I have worked across both the government and private sectors for over 15 years. I am currently focussing on assessment work and have extensive experience in ASD assessment, ADHD assessment for both children and adults. I also conduct cognitive assessments for NDIS funding and within the the school system. I have also worked within the justice system with Corrections Victoria and QLD Corrections with sexual and violent offenders.
I am a registered psychologist and AHPRA board approved supervisor. I have worked across both the government and private sectors for over 15 years. I am currently focussing on assessment work and have extensive experience in ASD assessment, ADHD assessment for both children and adults. I also conduct cognitive assessments for NDIS funding and within the the school system. I have also worked within the justice system with Corrections Victoria and QLD Corrections with sexual and violent offenders.
(03) 9000 0286 View (03) 9000 0286
Photo of Melis Topsahin, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Melis Topsahin
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015  (Online Only)
I particularly assist clients that require therapy in the areas of anxiety, substance abuse (other addictions), depression and relationship issues. My focus is on working with the client towards personal development and goal setting. Each client is so very unique, hence, requires a personal counselling approach that is catered entirely for them. As a therapist, i work with various approaches such as: CBT, ACT, humanistic approach and TRTP (trauma therapy) amongst many other(s).
I particularly assist clients that require therapy in the areas of anxiety, substance abuse (other addictions), depression and relationship issues. My focus is on working with the client towards personal development and goal setting. Each client is so very unique, hence, requires a personal counselling approach that is catered entirely for them. As a therapist, i work with various approaches such as: CBT, ACT, humanistic approach and TRTP (trauma therapy) amongst many other(s).
(02) 4504 0146 View (02) 4504 0146
Photo of Claire Dicarlo - Rad Parents | Claire Dicarlo , ACA-L1, Counsellor
Rad Parents | Claire Dicarlo
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015  (Online Only)
As parents, we're pressured to have perfect families and bombarded with advice on how to raise our kids. But so many of us are struggling with little support - we usually don't have the 'village' people speak of. It’s no wonder we end up feeling overwhelmed and stressed instead of enjoying family life. If you feel exhausted, anxious or angry, or you feel guilty that you're not the parent you want to be - you are not alone. So many parents tell me they wish they'd enjoyed the early years more. I don't want you to have those regrets.
As parents, we're pressured to have perfect families and bombarded with advice on how to raise our kids. But so many of us are struggling with little support - we usually don't have the 'village' people speak of. It’s no wonder we end up feeling overwhelmed and stressed instead of enjoying family life. If you feel exhausted, anxious or angry, or you feel guilty that you're not the parent you want to be - you are not alone. So many parents tell me they wish they'd enjoyed the early years more. I don't want you to have those regrets.
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Photo of Sylvia Collinetti, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Sylvia Collinetti
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I have 25 years’ experience in public mental health and private practice. It is well established that the most important ingredient for any successful therapy is the therapeutic relationship which develops over time and helps you feel safe. I work with you to make sense of your unique story and the reasons you’re engaging in therapy. I start by understanding your early life experiences which impact your thinking patterns, emotions and behaviours from an emphatic and non-judgmental position. Therapy is embedded with compassion, tailored to meet your goals, from a strengths based position to empower your recovery journey.
I have 25 years’ experience in public mental health and private practice. It is well established that the most important ingredient for any successful therapy is the therapeutic relationship which develops over time and helps you feel safe. I work with you to make sense of your unique story and the reasons you’re engaging in therapy. I start by understanding your early life experiences which impact your thinking patterns, emotions and behaviours from an emphatic and non-judgmental position. Therapy is embedded with compassion, tailored to meet your goals, from a strengths based position to empower your recovery journey.
(03) 7003 2284 View (03) 7003 2284
Photo of Emily Barber, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Emily Barber
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
Hey, I’m Emily! I’m an experienced psychologist offering in-person and online therapeutic support to tweens, teens and adults. I understand that reaching out is not easy, that is why I have created a safe space where we can explore and work on your thoughts and emotions freely. I draw from evidence-based interventions including person-centred therapy, CBT, ACT, DBT and narrative therapy.
Hey, I’m Emily! I’m an experienced psychologist offering in-person and online therapeutic support to tweens, teens and adults. I understand that reaching out is not easy, that is why I have created a safe space where we can explore and work on your thoughts and emotions freely. I draw from evidence-based interventions including person-centred therapy, CBT, ACT, DBT and narrative therapy.
0420 550 547 View 0420 550 547
Photo of Caroline Ogilvie - RightPath Counselling , MC, ACA-L4, Counsellor
RightPath Counselling
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Spotswood, VIC 3015
I am passionate about helping those who struggle with mental health. Clients come to me with their disorders, issues, struggles and relationship problems and want to find better ways to cope and deal with their concerns. Their goals are to be happier, learn better ways to deal with their concerns and move on from their past traumas.
I am passionate about helping those who struggle with mental health. Clients come to me with their disorders, issues, struggles and relationship problems and want to find better ways to cope and deal with their concerns. Their goals are to be happier, learn better ways to deal with their concerns and move on from their past traumas.
(03) 7302 2996 View (03) 7302 2996

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Brett Mackie, MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
Brett Mackie
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Yarraville, VIC 3013
Brett has a Master of Professional Psychology (MProfPsych) degree and holds memberships with the Australian Psychological Society (MAPS) and the Australian Association of Psychologists Incorporated (AAPi). He combines his expertise in management and leadership with a compassionate approach to psychology. Brett employs a collaborative therapeutic method rooted in interpersonal relationships. He recognises that change can be difficult and adopts a person-oriented and caring approach to create a safe space for clients to express themselves, learn, and grow. He is experienced in cognitive-behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment
Brett has a Master of Professional Psychology (MProfPsych) degree and holds memberships with the Australian Psychological Society (MAPS) and the Australian Association of Psychologists Incorporated (AAPi). He combines his expertise in management and leadership with a compassionate approach to psychology. Brett employs a collaborative therapeutic method rooted in interpersonal relationships. He recognises that change can be difficult and adopts a person-oriented and caring approach to create a safe space for clients to express themselves, learn, and grow. He is experienced in cognitive-behavioural therapy, acceptance and commitment
(03) 7303 3771 View (03) 7303 3771
Photo of Kevin Vun - inner haven therapy, MA, ACA-L4, Counsellor
inner haven therapy
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
9 Endorsed
Footscray, VIC 3011  (Online Only)
As an empathetic and inclusive counsellor, I am committed to supporting individuals from diverse backgrounds on their unique journeys. With a focus on the queer/gay, BIPOC, Asian, and male communities, I offer a safe space where clients can explore the full spectrum of the human experience. My holistic approach addresses mental health, well-being, relationships, sexuality, identity, and confidence. Together, we'll navigate the complexities of life, fostering self-discovery and empowering personal growth. Let's embark on a transformative path towards healing, authenticity, and empowerment.
As an empathetic and inclusive counsellor, I am committed to supporting individuals from diverse backgrounds on their unique journeys. With a focus on the queer/gay, BIPOC, Asian, and male communities, I offer a safe space where clients can explore the full spectrum of the human experience. My holistic approach addresses mental health, well-being, relationships, sexuality, identity, and confidence. Together, we'll navigate the complexities of life, fostering self-discovery and empowering personal growth. Let's embark on a transformative path towards healing, authenticity, and empowerment.
(02) 9100 0511 View (02) 9100 0511
Photo of Melissa Villegas - BlueSkies Counselling, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
BlueSkies Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Footscray, VIC 3011
We’re here to help you and your family overcome difficult experiences through children’s counselling and dyadic (parent and child) counselling in Melbourne. We offer Child-Centred Play Therapy, Expressive Arts Therapy, Interplay Family Therapy, Filial Therapy and Kids Groups to help address children’s anxious behaviours, acting out behaviours, social difficulties, past traumas and more. We also offer Parent Counselling to support the important people in children’s lives - you!
We’re here to help you and your family overcome difficult experiences through children’s counselling and dyadic (parent and child) counselling in Melbourne. We offer Child-Centred Play Therapy, Expressive Arts Therapy, Interplay Family Therapy, Filial Therapy and Kids Groups to help address children’s anxious behaviours, acting out behaviours, social difficulties, past traumas and more. We also offer Parent Counselling to support the important people in children’s lives - you!
(03) 9118 9024 View (03) 9118 9024
Photo of Vicky Bablas, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Vicky Bablas
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Altona North, VIC 3025  (Online Only)
I am a registered clinical psychologist experienced in the assessment and treatment of a variety of mental health concerns and clinical conditions, such as depression, anxiety, panic, specific phobias, chronic pain conditions, stress and adjustment issues, sleep disturbance & insomnia, anger issues, grief & loss, relationship issues, self-esteem issues as well as trauma & PTSD. I work primarily with adults and adolescents and am committed to creating a warm and welcoming environment for you to feel safe to explore your concerns fully, and work together to develop a plan to suit you.
I am a registered clinical psychologist experienced in the assessment and treatment of a variety of mental health concerns and clinical conditions, such as depression, anxiety, panic, specific phobias, chronic pain conditions, stress and adjustment issues, sleep disturbance & insomnia, anger issues, grief & loss, relationship issues, self-esteem issues as well as trauma & PTSD. I work primarily with adults and adolescents and am committed to creating a warm and welcoming environment for you to feel safe to explore your concerns fully, and work together to develop a plan to suit you.
(02) 4504 0213 View (02) 4504 0213
Photo of Zen Tebeje, Counsellor
Zen Tebeje
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Footscray, VIC 3011
Zen is a certified Counsellor dedicated to helping individuals navigate life's challenges. With a compassionate and client-centred approach, she provides a safe space for you to explore and overcome your concerns. She specialises in mental health support, offering guidance for issues like depression, anxiety, grief, relationships, life coaching, trauma, and stress management. Additionally, she provides expert career counselling & NDIS support. Zen’s approach is client-centred, creating a personalised plan for your unique needs.
Zen is a certified Counsellor dedicated to helping individuals navigate life's challenges. With a compassionate and client-centred approach, she provides a safe space for you to explore and overcome your concerns. She specialises in mental health support, offering guidance for issues like depression, anxiety, grief, relationships, life coaching, trauma, and stress management. Additionally, she provides expert career counselling & NDIS support. Zen’s approach is client-centred, creating a personalised plan for your unique needs.
(03) 7003 2607 View (03) 7003 2607
Photo of Anna Maxwell, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Anna Maxwell
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Newport, VIC 3015
Anna is a registered psychologist and is passionate about helping adults and older adolescents to improve their happiness and wellbeing. Anna has experience working with parents and has facilitated early parenting and attachment-based group programs including Circle of Security and Keeping Your Child in Mind. Anna is committed to building strong, respectful, and collaborative working relationships with her clients. She believes in taking a gentle, person-centred approach so that each client feels heard and understood. Anna supports clients in developing their own insight, self-understanding, and self-compassion.
Anna is a registered psychologist and is passionate about helping adults and older adolescents to improve their happiness and wellbeing. Anna has experience working with parents and has facilitated early parenting and attachment-based group programs including Circle of Security and Keeping Your Child in Mind. Anna is committed to building strong, respectful, and collaborative working relationships with her clients. She believes in taking a gentle, person-centred approach so that each client feels heard and understood. Anna supports clients in developing their own insight, self-understanding, and self-compassion.
(03) 9000 0866 View (03) 9000 0866
Photo of Michelle van Kampen, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Michelle van Kampen
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Williamstown, VIC 3016
Hello, I'm Michelle, a Gestalt Psychotherapist, Supervisor and Equine Assisted Practitioner. I specialise in working with people who have experienced trauma, both historical and near, seeing those who are seeking holistic therapy that is tailored to an individual’s experience. Gestalt therapy is for those wanting to learn about how they make sense of the world and to reconnect with presence, rest and vitality.
Hello, I'm Michelle, a Gestalt Psychotherapist, Supervisor and Equine Assisted Practitioner. I specialise in working with people who have experienced trauma, both historical and near, seeing those who are seeking holistic therapy that is tailored to an individual’s experience. Gestalt therapy is for those wanting to learn about how they make sense of the world and to reconnect with presence, rest and vitality.
(03) 9068 5720 View (03) 9068 5720
Photo of Ari Heart - Ari Dunphy (Trans Wellbeing), PACFA, Psychotherapist
Ari Dunphy (Trans Wellbeing)
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Footscray, VIC 3011  (Online Only)
Gender-Focused Therapeutic Coaching for transgender, nonbinary and gender questioning people, and their parents. If you are struggling in any way with your gender identity, dysphoria, decisions about gender affirmation or your feelings about your future as a trans person, we can work together to accelerate your proactive movement towards a meaningful, enjoyable trans life.
Gender-Focused Therapeutic Coaching for transgender, nonbinary and gender questioning people, and their parents. If you are struggling in any way with your gender identity, dysphoria, decisions about gender affirmation or your feelings about your future as a trans person, we can work together to accelerate your proactive movement towards a meaningful, enjoyable trans life.
(03) 7003 2710 View (03) 7003 2710
Photo of Daniel Paglialonga, MA, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Daniel Paglialonga
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Newport, VIC 3015
Have you ever been kept up late at night reliving distressing memories? Does your mind chatter and strong emotions interfere with your day-to-day? Are you looking to understand yourself more and make some changes? If your answer is "yes", then we should talk.
Have you ever been kept up late at night reliving distressing memories? Does your mind chatter and strong emotions interfere with your day-to-day? Are you looking to understand yourself more and make some changes? If your answer is "yes", then we should talk.
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See more therapy options for Spotswood

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Spotswood, VIC

10+

Average cost per session

$155

Counsellors in Spotswood, VIC who prioritize treating:

82% Self Esteem
73% Relationship Issues
73% Family Conflict
64% Depression
64% Anxiety
64% Trauma and PTSD
64% Stress

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% Bupa
100% Medibank Private
100% NDIS

How Counsellors in Spotswood, VIC see their clients

82% In Person and Online
18% Online Only

Gender breakdown

91% Female
9% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Spotswood?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.