Emotionally Focused Counselling in Heidelberg, VIC

Photo of Christina von Cohausen, MA, PsyBA - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Christina von Cohausen
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Christina is an experienced Senior Counselling Psychologist, Couples Therapist, AHPRA-approved Supervisor, and Hypnotherapist who is passionate about supporting people on their journey to greater psychological well-being and more fulfilling relationships. Her holistic approach focuses and integrates the mind, body, and emotions and draws on a wide range of therapeutic approaches to suit each client’s unique situation and needs. She specialises in Emotion-Focused Therapy ( EFT) and is an internationally accredited EFT practitioner. Christina provides a warm and safe space to explore your inner world with guidance and care.
Christina is an experienced Senior Counselling Psychologist, Couples Therapist, AHPRA-approved Supervisor, and Hypnotherapist who is passionate about supporting people on their journey to greater psychological well-being and more fulfilling relationships. Her holistic approach focuses and integrates the mind, body, and emotions and draws on a wide range of therapeutic approaches to suit each client’s unique situation and needs. She specialises in Emotion-Focused Therapy ( EFT) and is an internationally accredited EFT practitioner. Christina provides a warm and safe space to explore your inner world with guidance and care.
(03) 7003 2187 View (03) 7003 2187
Photo of Safaa Hakim, PACFA, Counsellor
Safaa Hakim
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
I enjoy working with Person Centred, Solution Focused, Emotionally Focused, and Body work approaches like Mindfulness, Meditation and Gestalt therapy.
I am compassionate about guiding my clients to explore their difficulties and strengthen their emotional wellbeing. I provide specific counselling in the areas of anxiety, stress, depression, and relationships; as well as behavioural and other cognitive issues, offering a wide range of counselling support to meet the needs of clients and an organisation’s employees.
I enjoy working with Person Centred, Solution Focused, Emotionally Focused, and Body work approaches like Mindfulness, Meditation and Gestalt therapy.
I am compassionate about guiding my clients to explore their difficulties and strengthen their emotional wellbeing. I provide specific counselling in the areas of anxiety, stress, depression, and relationships; as well as behavioural and other cognitive issues, offering a wide range of counselling support to meet the needs of clients and an organisation’s employees.
(03) 9034 5950 View (03) 9034 5950
Photo of Caroline Spiers, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Caroline Spiers
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Heidelberg, VIC 3084  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with your life and feel you might have unresolved issues, trauma, relationship or neurodiversity challenges or managing family dynamics/adoptee/grief and loss, bereavement or cultural issues? LGBTQIA+ needs that aren’t being seen or understood? A good counsellor will allow you space to talk, guide you gently along your journey and provide safety and non judgement to explore what can be achieved. This is the foundation of my practice - always from a trauma informed perspective.
Are you struggling with your life and feel you might have unresolved issues, trauma, relationship or neurodiversity challenges or managing family dynamics/adoptee/grief and loss, bereavement or cultural issues? LGBTQIA+ needs that aren’t being seen or understood? A good counsellor will allow you space to talk, guide you gently along your journey and provide safety and non judgement to explore what can be achieved. This is the foundation of my practice - always from a trauma informed perspective.
(03) 7003 2855 View (03) 7003 2855
Photo of Adrian Del Monaco, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Adrian Del Monaco
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Adrian enjoys working with a range of psychological and interpersonal issues, including anxiety, anger management, personality disorders, trauma, self-harm, relationship difficulties, bullying, low confidence, loss and grief, and depression. Adrian has particular experience working with adolescents and young adults, which usually involves families, friends, partners, teachers, and other professionals. Adrian also has a separate interest in those who participate in sport or performance-based activity. Adrian’s therapeutic approach is informed by Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Schema Therapy.
Adrian enjoys working with a range of psychological and interpersonal issues, including anxiety, anger management, personality disorders, trauma, self-harm, relationship difficulties, bullying, low confidence, loss and grief, and depression. Adrian has particular experience working with adolescents and young adults, which usually involves families, friends, partners, teachers, and other professionals. Adrian also has a separate interest in those who participate in sport or performance-based activity. Adrian’s therapeutic approach is informed by Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Schema Therapy.
(03) 6121 6147 View (03) 6121 6147
Photo of Kim Thomas, MA, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Kim Thomas
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Individually tailored sessions to help each person improve their mental health. Flexible, supportive help to grow and change for the better. Kim has worked within the NDIS framework with complex clients and utilises a variety of techniques to give you strategies and insight towards improved mental health. With an interest in trauma, Kim plans to add EMDR training to her skillset this year. As well as rooms and online options, Kim will walk and talk and in some circumstances, travel to clients.
Individually tailored sessions to help each person improve their mental health. Flexible, supportive help to grow and change for the better. Kim has worked within the NDIS framework with complex clients and utilises a variety of techniques to give you strategies and insight towards improved mental health. With an interest in trauma, Kim plans to add EMDR training to her skillset this year. As well as rooms and online options, Kim will walk and talk and in some circumstances, travel to clients.
(03) 8797 2164 View (03) 8797 2164
Photo of Kate McLellan - Curam Psychology, MA, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Curam Psychology
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
My approach to working with clients is collaborative and caring. I believe that the relationship between a client and therapist is one of the most important factors to successful therapy and building a strong, trusting foundation is key. I really enjoy supporting people to work through the emotional blocks which are preventing them from living their fullest life. The focus of my work is usually around developing an understanding a client's story and their unmet needs, supporting them to meet those needs, develop compassion for themselves, and cope with challenges.
My approach to working with clients is collaborative and caring. I believe that the relationship between a client and therapist is one of the most important factors to successful therapy and building a strong, trusting foundation is key. I really enjoy supporting people to work through the emotional blocks which are preventing them from living their fullest life. The focus of my work is usually around developing an understanding a client's story and their unmet needs, supporting them to meet those needs, develop compassion for themselves, and cope with challenges.
(03) 8400 0893 View (03) 8400 0893
Photo of Alethea Scantlebury - Natural Forces, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Natural Forces
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
I cater to children and adults facing anxiety, depression, trauma, or stress that are seeking a holistic, hands-on therapy approach. I provide a nurturing environment to connect with intuitive horses, aiming to build trust, emotional awareness, and personal growth through petting, grooming and leading the horses (minimal riding). Many people are seeking unique, experiential therapy that transcends traditional methods, fostering inner peace and resilience. We provide a compassionate sanctuary for healing, empowering individuals to overcome challenges and achieve lasting well-being through the transformative power of equine therapy.
I cater to children and adults facing anxiety, depression, trauma, or stress that are seeking a holistic, hands-on therapy approach. I provide a nurturing environment to connect with intuitive horses, aiming to build trust, emotional awareness, and personal growth through petting, grooming and leading the horses (minimal riding). Many people are seeking unique, experiential therapy that transcends traditional methods, fostering inner peace and resilience. We provide a compassionate sanctuary for healing, empowering individuals to overcome challenges and achieve lasting well-being through the transformative power of equine therapy.
(03) 8400 0697 View (03) 8400 0697
Photo of Denise Zammit, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Denise Zammit
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Coming to therapy takes courage, so I will do my best to make it a collaborative and positive experience. I aim to encourage growth. I can help with anxiety, mood issues, psychological trauma, postpartum issues, life-stage transitions, sexuality and gender concerns, substance use issues, other unhelpful coping, relationships/attachment, burnout/ workplace stress. I'm committed to helping you heal from the past, recognise self-defeating patterns, work toward regaining a sense of control, and a more optimistic sense of the future.
Coming to therapy takes courage, so I will do my best to make it a collaborative and positive experience. I aim to encourage growth. I can help with anxiety, mood issues, psychological trauma, postpartum issues, life-stage transitions, sexuality and gender concerns, substance use issues, other unhelpful coping, relationships/attachment, burnout/ workplace stress. I'm committed to helping you heal from the past, recognise self-defeating patterns, work toward regaining a sense of control, and a more optimistic sense of the future.
(03) 9344 1666 View (03) 9344 1666
Photo of Laura Petrie, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Laura Petrie
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Do you experience aspects of your life as dissatisfying or distressing, this may feel like depression, anxiety, hopelessness or a pervasive self criticism? Such dissatisfaction and distress can be supported through Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. Laura's focus is the development of a safe, trusting and reliable relationship which becomes the basis for exploring your thoughts and feelings, and generating insights about the sources of your personal struggles. Generating insights open new opportunities for more satisfying connections to self and others, and greater life choices.
Do you experience aspects of your life as dissatisfying or distressing, this may feel like depression, anxiety, hopelessness or a pervasive self criticism? Such dissatisfaction and distress can be supported through Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. Laura's focus is the development of a safe, trusting and reliable relationship which becomes the basis for exploring your thoughts and feelings, and generating insights about the sources of your personal struggles. Generating insights open new opportunities for more satisfying connections to self and others, and greater life choices.
(03) 8797 5226 View (03) 8797 5226
Photo of Tim Nolan - Tim Nolan Counselling & Psychotherapy, ACA-L1, Psychotherapist
Tim Nolan Counselling & Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Tim has over 10 years counselling & psychotherapy experience in treating clients with trauma, complex mental health and substance abuse presentations. He has worked across various settings including residential rehabilitation, hospitals, psychiatric, 'not for profit' and general counselling. Tim is trained in Schema Therapy, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, Emotional Focused Therapy and Gottman Method Counselling (for couples), and practice CBT, emotional regulation and psychodynamic therapies. Tim is also a qualified Mental Health & AOD (Alcohol and Other Drug) Clinician
Tim has over 10 years counselling & psychotherapy experience in treating clients with trauma, complex mental health and substance abuse presentations. He has worked across various settings including residential rehabilitation, hospitals, psychiatric, 'not for profit' and general counselling. Tim is trained in Schema Therapy, Acceptance Commitment Therapy, Emotional Focused Therapy and Gottman Method Counselling (for couples), and practice CBT, emotional regulation and psychodynamic therapies. Tim is also a qualified Mental Health & AOD (Alcohol and Other Drug) Clinician
(03) 8400 0062 View (03) 8400 0062
Photo of Virginia Golding, MA, AMHSW, Psychotherapist
Virginia Golding
Psychotherapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
I have over 20 years’ experience as psychotherapist, working with Individuals, couples and teens, and in corporate and organisational coaching and psychology. I am also a Clinical Supervisor. I hope to support clients to develop greater self awareness and the practical strategies and tools to create desired and positive changes, in order to live a life that aligns with dreams and values, and to better deal with individual, relationship and life challenges. I have training in EMDR modality, Somatic Experiencing, Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy, Internal Family Systems, Strengths based and Positive Psychology.
I have over 20 years’ experience as psychotherapist, working with Individuals, couples and teens, and in corporate and organisational coaching and psychology. I am also a Clinical Supervisor. I hope to support clients to develop greater self awareness and the practical strategies and tools to create desired and positive changes, in order to live a life that aligns with dreams and values, and to better deal with individual, relationship and life challenges. I have training in EMDR modality, Somatic Experiencing, Psychedelic Assisted Psychotherapy, Internal Family Systems, Strengths based and Positive Psychology.
(03) 7003 2568 View (03) 7003 2568
Photo of Janelle Corlass-Brown, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Janelle Corlass-Brown
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
I'm a registered Counselling Psychologist, Supervisor and Director at iPsychology who is passionate about working collaboratively with people to reach their goals. We emphasize the importance of the therapeutic relationship, viewing each client as unique in their experience and needs. For nearly 15 years we have worked with children, adolescents and adults and families in educational, private, hospital and community settings and I support the team here at iPsychology. We work with clients new to therapy and those wanting to work on a deeper therapeutic level, with client’s describing us as authentic, nurturing... and light-hearted.
I'm a registered Counselling Psychologist, Supervisor and Director at iPsychology who is passionate about working collaboratively with people to reach their goals. We emphasize the importance of the therapeutic relationship, viewing each client as unique in their experience and needs. For nearly 15 years we have worked with children, adolescents and adults and families in educational, private, hospital and community settings and I support the team here at iPsychology. We work with clients new to therapy and those wanting to work on a deeper therapeutic level, with client’s describing us as authentic, nurturing... and light-hearted.
(03) 8613 3446 View (03) 8613 3446
Photo of Allison Ross, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Allison Ross
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Allison is a Counsellor and Psychotherapist with specialist training in Couple Therapy and Transpersonal Counselling. She offers a Holistic and Integrative approach to her work with both Couples and Individuals, drawing on many therapeutic models and theories such as Attachment theory; Mindfulness and Somatic processes; and how our fight or flight defence mechanisms effect our wellbeing.
Allison is a Counsellor and Psychotherapist with specialist training in Couple Therapy and Transpersonal Counselling. She offers a Holistic and Integrative approach to her work with both Couples and Individuals, drawing on many therapeutic models and theories such as Attachment theory; Mindfulness and Somatic processes; and how our fight or flight defence mechanisms effect our wellbeing.
(03) 7003 2468 View (03) 7003 2468
Photo of Vicki Costa, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Vicki Costa
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Is stress, anxiety, or worry a constant in your life? Do you feel overwhelmed by sadness, or find it hard to connect with others? Maybe you're struggling in your relationships—with a partner, children, parents, or colleagues—and feel stuck, unsure how to make things better. Perhaps you've even given up, believing things can't change. Together, we’ll uncover the root issues behind your stress and emotional pain, empowering you to set boundaries, make decisions,improve your well-being, and reclaim your life. As we work together, you’ll slowly find a stronger sense of self and confidence as your relationships and circumstances improve.
Is stress, anxiety, or worry a constant in your life? Do you feel overwhelmed by sadness, or find it hard to connect with others? Maybe you're struggling in your relationships—with a partner, children, parents, or colleagues—and feel stuck, unsure how to make things better. Perhaps you've even given up, believing things can't change. Together, we’ll uncover the root issues behind your stress and emotional pain, empowering you to set boundaries, make decisions,improve your well-being, and reclaim your life. As we work together, you’ll slowly find a stronger sense of self and confidence as your relationships and circumstances improve.
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Photo of Sally Tyrrell - Creative Healing counselling & art therapy, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Creative Healing counselling & art therapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Looking for something a little different to traditional talking therapy? Often it can be hard to find the words to express how we are feeling or what is going on in your life that is getting you down. As a Mental Health Social Worker I use my traditional counselling skills and incorporate my Sensorimotor Art Therapy skills to add deeper meaning and reflection to make sense of the world through art, creativity and play. If you would like to make an appointment visit my website and click on the Book Now button
Looking for something a little different to traditional talking therapy? Often it can be hard to find the words to express how we are feeling or what is going on in your life that is getting you down. As a Mental Health Social Worker I use my traditional counselling skills and incorporate my Sensorimotor Art Therapy skills to add deeper meaning and reflection to make sense of the world through art, creativity and play. If you would like to make an appointment visit my website and click on the Book Now button
(03) 9068 5833 View (03) 9068 5833
Photo of Josh Sasai - Josh Sasai - Wisdom Psychotherapy, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Josh Sasai - Wisdom Psychotherapy
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Hi, my name is Josh. I specialise in working with clients with trauma (C/PTSD), anxiety, depression and chronic conditions by facilitating Body-Mind Processing practices. I use Buddhist Psychotherapy as my therapeutic framework. Buddhist Psychotherapy is a non-religious, brain science-focused and compassion-oriented framework, which can combine evidence-based counselling methods with body-mind integrative practices for a restored sense of wellbeing. My practice focuses on the body’s innate wisdom to work out solutions to the presented issues, as well as working with emotions as the vehicles to connect body-and-mind.
Hi, my name is Josh. I specialise in working with clients with trauma (C/PTSD), anxiety, depression and chronic conditions by facilitating Body-Mind Processing practices. I use Buddhist Psychotherapy as my therapeutic framework. Buddhist Psychotherapy is a non-religious, brain science-focused and compassion-oriented framework, which can combine evidence-based counselling methods with body-mind integrative practices for a restored sense of wellbeing. My practice focuses on the body’s innate wisdom to work out solutions to the presented issues, as well as working with emotions as the vehicles to connect body-and-mind.
0490 965 822 View 0490 965 822
Photo of Dettie Onus Browne, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dettie Onus Browne
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Heidelberg, VIC 3084
Waitlist for new clients
Hello, I’m Dettie, a white, non-binary queer and trans person living on the unceded land of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nation. I’m a qualified social worker and therapist, providing counselling for individuals, couples, and families. I have an invested interest in working with neurodivergent people, LGBTIQA+ people and their families, survivors of conversion and suppression practices, people who have used violence in relationships and people who experience complex and/or relational trauma. I work with people of all genders, sexualities, religions/faiths and cultures.
Hello, I’m Dettie, a white, non-binary queer and trans person living on the unceded land of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nation. I’m a qualified social worker and therapist, providing counselling for individuals, couples, and families. I have an invested interest in working with neurodivergent people, LGBTIQA+ people and their families, survivors of conversion and suppression practices, people who have used violence in relationships and people who experience complex and/or relational trauma. I work with people of all genders, sexualities, religions/faiths and cultures.
(03) 7302 2732 View (03) 7302 2732
Photo of Jes Anderberg, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Jes Anderberg
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Heidelberg, VIC 3084  (Online Only)
Jes is a integrative therapist, who helps clients to safely explore themselves and their experiences more deeply, in ways that don't just rely on the intellect. With a warm and validating approach, this process is well suited to people who are feeling stuck, anxious, depressed, or who are having a challenging time in life and need to find a way forward.
Jes is a integrative therapist, who helps clients to safely explore themselves and their experiences more deeply, in ways that don't just rely on the intellect. With a warm and validating approach, this process is well suited to people who are feeling stuck, anxious, depressed, or who are having a challenging time in life and need to find a way forward.
(03) 9344 1636 View (03) 9344 1636

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Lee Beaton, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Lee Beaton
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Eaglemont, VIC 3084
Lee is an accredited Gestalt Psychotherapist and a qualified EFT (Emotion Focused Therapy) and EFiT (Emotion Focused Therapy for Individuals) practitioner.
Lee is a Gestalt Psychotherapist specialising in healing relationships. She works with both couples and individuals but specialise in attachment-focused couples work. She describes her therapeutic approach as person-centred, warm, effective, and compassionate. This allows her to help you unlock deep relational healing. The way we orientate to life is directly influenced by the multiple challenges we have faced in our upbringing, our environment, and our life circumstances. Lee believes the way we handle our and other’s emotions is what makes the difference to us living a connected and happy life by forming healthy relationships.
Lee is an accredited Gestalt Psychotherapist and a qualified EFT (Emotion Focused Therapy) and EFiT (Emotion Focused Therapy for Individuals) practitioner.
Lee is a Gestalt Psychotherapist specialising in healing relationships. She works with both couples and individuals but specialise in attachment-focused couples work. She describes her therapeutic approach as person-centred, warm, effective, and compassionate. This allows her to help you unlock deep relational healing. The way we orientate to life is directly influenced by the multiple challenges we have faced in our upbringing, our environment, and our life circumstances. Lee believes the way we handle our and other’s emotions is what makes the difference to us living a connected and happy life by forming healthy relationships.
(03) 6118 7199 View (03) 6118 7199
Photo of Lauren Cariss, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Lauren Cariss
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Montmorency, VIC 3094
Objectives are often focused on improving interpersonal relationships, well-being & daily functioning drawing on CBT,ACT, EFT(not couples), Motivational Interviewing, EMDR.
Welcome. I offer services to both children and adults. I have a background working in private practice, and educational and forensic settings (though forensics is not my interest). I provide support for a broad range of issues such as reduced self-esteem, relationship difficulties, stress, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, depression, separation/divorce, learning difficulties and parenting. I commonly work with clients diagnosed with Autism/Aspergers and ADHD. I particularly enjoy working with people who are experiencing anxiety, and those requiring support in healing from childhood relational wounds, and parenting.
Objectives are often focused on improving interpersonal relationships, well-being & daily functioning drawing on CBT,ACT, EFT(not couples), Motivational Interviewing, EMDR.
Welcome. I offer services to both children and adults. I have a background working in private practice, and educational and forensic settings (though forensics is not my interest). I provide support for a broad range of issues such as reduced self-esteem, relationship difficulties, stress, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, depression, separation/divorce, learning difficulties and parenting. I commonly work with clients diagnosed with Autism/Aspergers and ADHD. I particularly enjoy working with people who are experiencing anxiety, and those requiring support in healing from childhood relational wounds, and parenting.
(03) 7500 5702 View (03) 7500 5702

See more therapy options for Heidelberg

Emotionally Focused Counsellors

Who is emotionally focused therapy for?

Emotionally focused therapy (EFT) is for couples who are emotionally distressed, stuck in an unsatisfying relationship pattern or feeling deeply alienated. They may even believe the relationship is beyond repair. Very often, the partners display intense anger, fear, grief, loss of trust, or a sense of betrayal in the relationship. In addition, EFT is helpful to couples and individuals who have difficulty expressing emotions and those who have trouble regulating emotions.

Why do people need emotionally focused therapy?

People need emotionally focused therapy because the need for others is built into the brain, but the pressures of daily life can erode feelings of love, and couples often do not have the skills to find their way back to the comfort of each other. Instead, they may be stuck in repetitive patterns of anger, fear, grief, loss of trust, or a sense of betrayal. Emotionally focused therapy regards such strong negative feelings as expressions of protest over the loss of connection and turns them into pathways of reconnection.

What happens in emotionally focused therapy?

Over the course of eight to 20 weekly sessions, couples de-escalate their negative emotional reactivity to one another so that they can listen to each other and be responsive to each other’s needs. Then the deep emotional and physical bond is restored, giving partners a sense of comfort and security, which they can use to solve whatever problems come their way. The therapist plays an active role, helping partners understand how anger and withdrawal are actually misguided cries for connection.

What problems does emotionally focused therapy treat?

EFT is designed to help couples stuck in dysfunctional relationship patterns regain closeness and rebuild their relationship. Typically, such couples experience considerable distress, with partners feeling alienated and distrustful of one another, not certain their relationship can survive. EFT is also helpful to individuals experiencing attachment-related fears of loss; it helps them learn to use their fears as a way of eliciting the closeness they desire.