Counselling in Adelaide, SA

Photo of Michelle Wharton, MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
Michelle Wharton
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000  (Online Only)
Who do I work with? You are an adult, aged 21 years and above and are happy to do online appointments. You might be struggling with anxiety, depression, anger, OCD, stress, or relationship problems. You may have difficulties with perfectionism, procrastination, or unwanted habits and annoying addictions. You're looking for more than just 'talk therapy' and can commit to doing a bit of homework in order to practice new ways of thinking and start rewiring your brain. You're courageous and willing to face, and step over, those old roadblocks!
Who do I work with? You are an adult, aged 21 years and above and are happy to do online appointments. You might be struggling with anxiety, depression, anger, OCD, stress, or relationship problems. You may have difficulties with perfectionism, procrastination, or unwanted habits and annoying addictions. You're looking for more than just 'talk therapy' and can commit to doing a bit of homework in order to practice new ways of thinking and start rewiring your brain. You're courageous and willing to face, and step over, those old roadblocks!
(08) 7008 9968 View (08) 7008 9968
Photo of Bronte Galek - Anahata counselling, MC, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Anahata counselling
Psychotherapist, MC, PACFA
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000  (Online Only)
I am an experienced psychotherapist and counsellor specialising in addiction and trauma. With a strong person-centered and holistic approach, I combine various therapeutic techniques to encourage one’s healing and understanding of self. I aim to provide a safe and non-judgmental space for clients to explore all facets of themselves, supporting them to find peace and stability amidst life’s challenges. I can work with you on a range of life's issues and I am deeply committed to creating safety and care within the therapeutic relationship. There is no need to struggle alone.
I am an experienced psychotherapist and counsellor specialising in addiction and trauma. With a strong person-centered and holistic approach, I combine various therapeutic techniques to encourage one’s healing and understanding of self. I aim to provide a safe and non-judgmental space for clients to explore all facets of themselves, supporting them to find peace and stability amidst life’s challenges. I can work with you on a range of life's issues and I am deeply committed to creating safety and care within the therapeutic relationship. There is no need to struggle alone.
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Photo of Yvonne Daly, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Yvonne Daly
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000  (Online Only)
Hi there! I'm Yvonne, a senior psychologist at Very Helpful Chats. I'm an ADHDer, LGBTQIA+ and navigate life as a spoonie. I know personally the grief, anger and then acceptance of finding out later in life why things have always been different for me. I have learnt that no two brains are the same; that's what makes humans so interesting! Knowing how your brain works is like the keys to Disneyland.
Hi there! I'm Yvonne, a senior psychologist at Very Helpful Chats. I'm an ADHDer, LGBTQIA+ and navigate life as a spoonie. I know personally the grief, anger and then acceptance of finding out later in life why things have always been different for me. I have learnt that no two brains are the same; that's what makes humans so interesting! Knowing how your brain works is like the keys to Disneyland.
(02) 9100 0347 View (02) 9100 0347
Photo of Vicky Zeng, MSc, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Vicky Zeng
Counsellor, MSc, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
Warm greetings. It can be a really big step to seek help and find a counsellor. Thank you for stopping by, and a warm welcome to your journey with counselling. I work with people who experience mental health difficulties, interpersonal challenges, trauma, unhappiness, feeling stuck, and stress caused by challenging life events. I'm here to offer you a safe space to be seen, understood, and together, we will make sense of your experiences and work towards the change you desire. I work collaboratively with clients and trust in their innate strength and compass.
Warm greetings. It can be a really big step to seek help and find a counsellor. Thank you for stopping by, and a warm welcome to your journey with counselling. I work with people who experience mental health difficulties, interpersonal challenges, trauma, unhappiness, feeling stuck, and stress caused by challenging life events. I'm here to offer you a safe space to be seen, understood, and together, we will make sense of your experiences and work towards the change you desire. I work collaboratively with clients and trust in their innate strength and compass.
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Khristin Highet
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000  (Online Only)
Dr Khristin Highet specialises in transformational self development in the areas of leadership, work and personal performance and relationship coaching. She works with people who wish to improve in self empowerment, goal/results achievement, mindset, influence and interpersonal effectiveness. She assists those that feel stuck, held back or experience life patterns that may impact reaching one's full potential.
Dr Khristin Highet specialises in transformational self development in the areas of leadership, work and personal performance and relationship coaching. She works with people who wish to improve in self empowerment, goal/results achievement, mindset, influence and interpersonal effectiveness. She assists those that feel stuck, held back or experience life patterns that may impact reaching one's full potential.
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Photo of Oscar Weng- Kookaburra Psychology Trauma Wellbeing, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Oscar Weng- Kookaburra Psychology Trauma Wellbeing
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000  (Online Only)
Are you struggling with sleep? anxiety? procrastination? relationship issues? or loss of motivation? Have you been feeling that you have untapped potentials and that you could have achieved much more with life?
Are you struggling with sleep? anxiety? procrastination? relationship issues? or loss of motivation? Have you been feeling that you have untapped potentials and that you could have achieved much more with life?
(08) 7184 5288 View (08) 7184 5288
Photo of Leah Frost Psychology, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Leah Frost Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Please note I am currently not taking on new clients - - With a no-nonsense, practical and problem-solving approach to adult therapy, I will help guide and support you to increase personal empowerment through building courageous emotional learning. I believe strongly in the power of both internal and external self-awareness and being able to regulate and centre in times of stress and ambiguity. During our time together you will receive support, honesty, and someone truly “in your corner” with a focus on maximising time and energy to achieve your personal goals and work and feel better.
Please note I am currently not taking on new clients - - With a no-nonsense, practical and problem-solving approach to adult therapy, I will help guide and support you to increase personal empowerment through building courageous emotional learning. I believe strongly in the power of both internal and external self-awareness and being able to regulate and centre in times of stress and ambiguity. During our time together you will receive support, honesty, and someone truly “in your corner” with a focus on maximising time and energy to achieve your personal goals and work and feel better.
(08) 7078 7653 View (08) 7078 7653
Photo of Lynda Stalker, ACA-L4, Psychotherapist
Lynda Stalker
Psychotherapist, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Adelaide, SA 5000
I am a psychotherapist & counsellor of over 20 years and work in an eclectic style. I am passionate about & incorporate evidence based therapies to suit each individual such as Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Dialectical Behavior therapy, Solution focused , Actual Commitment therapy, Motivational interview ,Emotionally focused therapy for couples and families and more recently Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing.
I am a psychotherapist & counsellor of over 20 years and work in an eclectic style. I am passionate about & incorporate evidence based therapies to suit each individual such as Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Dialectical Behavior therapy, Solution focused , Actual Commitment therapy, Motivational interview ,Emotionally focused therapy for couples and families and more recently Eye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing.
(08) 7184 4892 View (08) 7184 4892
Photo of Donna Starr Dulvarie, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Donna Starr Dulvarie
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
Starr can assist with: Adjustment difficulties, Anger management and emotion regulation, Anxiety disorders, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) , Bipolar disorders, Depression and Mood Disorders, Grief and Loss, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Panic disorder, Perfectionism and Low self-esteem, Phobias, Pre and post-natal mental health, Sleep issues, Stress management, Trauma (PTSD and Complex Trauma), and more.
Starr can assist with: Adjustment difficulties, Anger management and emotion regulation, Anxiety disorders, Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) , Bipolar disorders, Depression and Mood Disorders, Grief and Loss, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Panic disorder, Perfectionism and Low self-esteem, Phobias, Pre and post-natal mental health, Sleep issues, Stress management, Trauma (PTSD and Complex Trauma), and more.
(08) 7008 7272 View (08) 7008 7272
Photo of Will Vuong - Will Vuong | Wellspring Counselling, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Will Vuong | Wellspring Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Adelaide, SA 5000
I've had the privilege of helping numerous men and women on their journey towards healing and personal growth. With years of experience, I bring a compassionate and objective perspective to each session. My goal is to provide you with the right tools and knowledge to overcome your challenges and lead a more fulfilling life. No matter where you are on your healing journey, I'm here to support you. Whether you're seeking to improve relationships, heal from trauma, manage anxiety and depression, or cope with grief and loss, together, we can work towards positive change and a brighter future.
I've had the privilege of helping numerous men and women on their journey towards healing and personal growth. With years of experience, I bring a compassionate and objective perspective to each session. My goal is to provide you with the right tools and knowledge to overcome your challenges and lead a more fulfilling life. No matter where you are on your healing journey, I'm here to support you. Whether you're seeking to improve relationships, heal from trauma, manage anxiety and depression, or cope with grief and loss, together, we can work towards positive change and a brighter future.
(08) 7008 9338 View (08) 7008 9338
Photo of Richard Browne, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Richard Browne
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
I work with men on a variety of issues that affect their lives. In person in Adelaide or online/via phone to fit your needs. Life is complicated. Let's talk.
I work with men on a variety of issues that affect their lives. In person in Adelaide or online/via phone to fit your needs. Life is complicated. Let's talk.
(02) 9100 0668 View (02) 9100 0668
Photo of Maria Vince Tam, MC, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Maria Vince Tam
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
As a counsellor, I believe that every individual deserves the opportunity to thrive and live a fulfilling life. My passion is to help clients gain insight and provide them with some tools they need to overcome life’s challenges and achieve their goals. I believe that with the right tools and support, everyone can achieve their full potential and find a way forward. My approach is rooted in empathy, understanding, and respect as I believe that every person has unique experiences and perspectives. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive space where clients can express their feelings and thoughts without the fear of being judged.
As a counsellor, I believe that every individual deserves the opportunity to thrive and live a fulfilling life. My passion is to help clients gain insight and provide them with some tools they need to overcome life’s challenges and achieve their goals. I believe that with the right tools and support, everyone can achieve their full potential and find a way forward. My approach is rooted in empathy, understanding, and respect as I believe that every person has unique experiences and perspectives. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive space where clients can express their feelings and thoughts without the fear of being judged.
(08) 7008 9141 View (08) 7008 9141
Photo of Kelly Hann, MA, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Kelly Hann
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
My greatest passion is in helping others to find peace, fulfilment and meaning. ​My approach is person-centred, non-judgmental and collaborative. I am a trained and qualified Counsellor and Psychotherapist. My therapeutic approach is one which integrates elements of several modalities including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Narrative Therapy and Mindfulness.
My greatest passion is in helping others to find peace, fulfilment and meaning. ​My approach is person-centred, non-judgmental and collaborative. I am a trained and qualified Counsellor and Psychotherapist. My therapeutic approach is one which integrates elements of several modalities including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Narrative Therapy and Mindfulness.
(08) 7081 9361 View (08) 7081 9361
Photo of Hana Hajdar - Hana - Strong Foundations Counselling, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Hana - Strong Foundations Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000  (Online Only)
I'm Hana, a qualified counsellor who is dedicated to helping individuals and couples navigate the complexities of their personal lives while empowering them to achieve growth, fulfilment and meaningful connections. My aim is to support you on your journey to whatever success looks like for you. Whether that be finding your life purpose, cultivating self-love, fostering meaningful relationships with others, picking yourself up after a break-up, or growing confidence in your dating life.
I'm Hana, a qualified counsellor who is dedicated to helping individuals and couples navigate the complexities of their personal lives while empowering them to achieve growth, fulfilment and meaningful connections. My aim is to support you on your journey to whatever success looks like for you. Whether that be finding your life purpose, cultivating self-love, fostering meaningful relationships with others, picking yourself up after a break-up, or growing confidence in your dating life.
(08) 7008 7078 View (08) 7008 7078
Photo of Christina Ramo - Alithea Health, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Alithea Health
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
Alithea is a counselling practice that helps you make sense of the world and create a way forward. Based in Adelaide, SA, Alithea provides life-enhancing skills in a dedicated space to support every step on your path to growth and transformation.
Alithea is a counselling practice that helps you make sense of the world and create a way forward. Based in Adelaide, SA, Alithea provides life-enhancing skills in a dedicated space to support every step on your path to growth and transformation.
(08) 7008 7963 View (08) 7008 7963
Photo of Susane Belkhiati, ACA-L3, Counsellor
Susane Belkhiati
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
I am a Fully Registered L3 Counsellor from Adelaide, SA, specializing in Trauma & Domestic Violence. I hold a Bach. of Counselling minoring in Coaching, alongside certifications in Clinical Trauma, Nutrition, Play Therapy, EFT & TFT, Meditation, Mindfulness, and Resilience. As a Registered Bupa, Medibank, ARHG, and NDIS Provider, I'm also affiliated with the ACA at Level 3, Clinical Trauma Foundation, & Resilience Association. With over 15 yrs of accredited professional exp, my expertise extends to guiding individuals through challenges including stress, anxiety, trauma, abuse, motivation, self-esteem, confidence, & career hurdles.
I am a Fully Registered L3 Counsellor from Adelaide, SA, specializing in Trauma & Domestic Violence. I hold a Bach. of Counselling minoring in Coaching, alongside certifications in Clinical Trauma, Nutrition, Play Therapy, EFT & TFT, Meditation, Mindfulness, and Resilience. As a Registered Bupa, Medibank, ARHG, and NDIS Provider, I'm also affiliated with the ACA at Level 3, Clinical Trauma Foundation, & Resilience Association. With over 15 yrs of accredited professional exp, my expertise extends to guiding individuals through challenges including stress, anxiety, trauma, abuse, motivation, self-esteem, confidence, & career hurdles.
(08) 7008 7100 View (08) 7008 7100
Photo of Dr Tanya Marie Robinson, PhD, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Dr Tanya Marie Robinson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, PhD, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
Tanya M Robinson, PhD - Tanya has 20 years experience in mental health and psycho-legal forensic science. She studied extensively in psychology, social work and law. Tanya runs a private psycho-legal mental health practice based in the CBD of Adelaide, SA. She works online with clients interstate and internationally. Tanya consults with clients experiencing a wide range of mental health and life struggles. She has special knowledge in assisting clients which have experienced trauma. Tanya is an experienced psychoanalyist, EMDR practicitioner, child interviewer, accreddited mediatior and work in dispute resolutions.
Tanya M Robinson, PhD - Tanya has 20 years experience in mental health and psycho-legal forensic science. She studied extensively in psychology, social work and law. Tanya runs a private psycho-legal mental health practice based in the CBD of Adelaide, SA. She works online with clients interstate and internationally. Tanya consults with clients experiencing a wide range of mental health and life struggles. She has special knowledge in assisting clients which have experienced trauma. Tanya is an experienced psychoanalyist, EMDR practicitioner, child interviewer, accreddited mediatior and work in dispute resolutions.
(08) 7081 9304 View (08) 7081 9304
Photo of Reza Danish, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Reza Danish
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
There are times we find ourselves experiencing low mood, anxiety and stress from life and the challenges it brings within our personal and relationships with others. Some of these challenges put us in a state of emotional dysregulation, numb from reality, overwhelmed with a mix of emotions that takes away the joy of the present moment and the future to come. I hope that we can work together to gain a deepened understanding of the challenges impacting you and your life and find practical ways to bring changes in your life.
There are times we find ourselves experiencing low mood, anxiety and stress from life and the challenges it brings within our personal and relationships with others. Some of these challenges put us in a state of emotional dysregulation, numb from reality, overwhelmed with a mix of emotions that takes away the joy of the present moment and the future to come. I hope that we can work together to gain a deepened understanding of the challenges impacting you and your life and find practical ways to bring changes in your life.
1300 307 912 View 1300 307 912
Photo of Munira Aziz Patni, MA, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Munira Aziz Patni
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Adelaide, SA 5000
I have been working for over 5 years in the clinical space as a psychologist. Over the years, I have developed extensive training and experience to work with a wide cohort of people struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma and personality disorders. I believe that each client has a unique set of needs and therapy must be tailored as per the clients requirements. I believe therapy is most effective when working in a structured goal-focused manner and I enjoy working with my clients towards supporting them in achieving their goals.
I have been working for over 5 years in the clinical space as a psychologist. Over the years, I have developed extensive training and experience to work with a wide cohort of people struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma and personality disorders. I believe that each client has a unique set of needs and therapy must be tailored as per the clients requirements. I believe therapy is most effective when working in a structured goal-focused manner and I enjoy working with my clients towards supporting them in achieving their goals.
(08) 7008 7671 x61 View (08) 7008 7671 x61
Photo of Karolina Lutkiewicz – Arts Therapist, AThR, Psychotherapist
Karolina Lutkiewicz – Arts Therapist
Psychotherapist, AThR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Adelaide, SA 5000
You don't have to be good at art to do arts therapy. It's about self-expression and using art (collage, clay, dance, poems and puppets are OK too!) to explore issues. I first listen, ask questions and invite to do a gentle process. I'm a young professional, curious, attentive, ready to learn and get to know you while supporting you. I aim to offer creative and different ways of looking at things where perhaps talking therapy isn't quite the answer. I like humour and playfulness, especially for adults, but also children and adolescents.
You don't have to be good at art to do arts therapy. It's about self-expression and using art (collage, clay, dance, poems and puppets are OK too!) to explore issues. I first listen, ask questions and invite to do a gentle process. I'm a young professional, curious, attentive, ready to learn and get to know you while supporting you. I aim to offer creative and different ways of looking at things where perhaps talking therapy isn't quite the answer. I like humour and playfulness, especially for adults, but also children and adolescents.
(08) 7008 9074 View (08) 7008 9074

See more therapy options for Adelaide

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Adelaide, SA

400+

Average cost per session

$156

Counsellors in Adelaide, SA who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
80% Depression
78% Stress
73% Self Esteem
71% Relationship Issues
67% Trauma and PTSD
61% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

60% Bupa
56% Medicare Rebates
51% NDIS

How Counsellors in Adelaide, SA see their clients

58% In Person and Online
42% Online Only

Gender breakdown

77% Female
20% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Adelaide?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.