Existential Counselling in Waverley, NSW

Photo of Trevor John Armitage, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Trevor John Armitage
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Waverley, NSW 2024
When facing personal crisis, isolation, grief, trauma, relationship stresses or mental health struggles, we all need trust, hope, and empathy. My aim is to maintain a gentle and compassionate manner and to provide a safe therapeutic space for clients to build self-esteem, acceptance, and motivation to evolve out of addiction, depression, anxiety, and relationship difficulties
When facing personal crisis, isolation, grief, trauma, relationship stresses or mental health struggles, we all need trust, hope, and empathy. My aim is to maintain a gentle and compassionate manner and to provide a safe therapeutic space for clients to build self-esteem, acceptance, and motivation to evolve out of addiction, depression, anxiety, and relationship difficulties
(02) 9100 0788 View (02) 9100 0788
Photo of Anna Cohen - Kids & Co Clinical Psychology, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Kids & Co Clinical Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Waverley, NSW 2024  (Online Only)
Kids & Co provides psychological care for children, adolescents and their families. Kids and Co offers psychological assessment and treatments for a wide range of childhood emotional, behavioural and family problems. Kids & Co Psychologists have extensive training and experience in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental health, personal, and family issues. Their experience and expertise in the field of child and family psychology is well recognised by colleagues, media agencies and the wider community.
Kids & Co provides psychological care for children, adolescents and their families. Kids and Co offers psychological assessment and treatments for a wide range of childhood emotional, behavioural and family problems. Kids & Co Psychologists have extensive training and experience in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental health, personal, and family issues. Their experience and expertise in the field of child and family psychology is well recognised by colleagues, media agencies and the wider community.
(02) 9158 6217 View (02) 9158 6217
Photo of Fiona Giles, PhD, ACA-L1, Psychotherapist
Fiona Giles
Psychotherapist, PhD, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Waverley, NSW 2024
You are looking for a safe, gentle and professional counsellor/psychotherapist to listen attentively and compassionately to your concerns, validate your feelings and explore your challenges, so that we can collaboratively discover what's best for you at this stage of your life. Your issues may be to do with managing overwhelming changes, such as grief and loss or life-stage transitions, understanding your family history, or integrating elements of your past. Or you might be more focused on handling everyday concerns such as anxiety, mood and motivation, or simply habits of thought and behaviour that you'd like to change.
You are looking for a safe, gentle and professional counsellor/psychotherapist to listen attentively and compassionately to your concerns, validate your feelings and explore your challenges, so that we can collaboratively discover what's best for you at this stage of your life. Your issues may be to do with managing overwhelming changes, such as grief and loss or life-stage transitions, understanding your family history, or integrating elements of your past. Or you might be more focused on handling everyday concerns such as anxiety, mood and motivation, or simply habits of thought and behaviour that you'd like to change.
(02) 9100 0309 View (02) 9100 0309
Photo of Stacey McCraw, MPsych, MACPA, Psychologist
Stacey McCraw
Psychologist, MPsych, MACPA
Verified Verified
Waverley, NSW 2024
I have special interests in providing therapy to adults experiencing anxiety (panic or social), often on a background of trauma or difficult childhood experiences, and sometimes with substance use. Finding direction and purpose, overcoming depressed mood, and reducing relationship and work pressures are also common challenges that I assist with. I offer strategies useful for managing overwhelming feelings so that you can have more choice in how to respond to stress.
I have special interests in providing therapy to adults experiencing anxiety (panic or social), often on a background of trauma or difficult childhood experiences, and sometimes with substance use. Finding direction and purpose, overcoming depressed mood, and reducing relationship and work pressures are also common challenges that I assist with. I offer strategies useful for managing overwhelming feelings so that you can have more choice in how to respond to stress.
(02) 9331 7546 View (02) 9331 7546
Photo of Indi Kovacevic, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Indi Kovacevic
Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Waverley, NSW 2024
I empathize with the distress that you may be experiencing and I know that life can get overwhelming at times. I have a deep understanding of the interconnectedness between mind, body, and spirit and I approach therapy from a holistic perspective, recognizing the importance of addressing emotional, psychological, and spiritual wellbeing. I am driven by a passion for helping individuals navigate the complexities of this human experience, by providing a safe and nurturing environment for you to explore your innermost thoughts, feelings, and patterns.
I empathize with the distress that you may be experiencing and I know that life can get overwhelming at times. I have a deep understanding of the interconnectedness between mind, body, and spirit and I approach therapy from a holistic perspective, recognizing the importance of addressing emotional, psychological, and spiritual wellbeing. I am driven by a passion for helping individuals navigate the complexities of this human experience, by providing a safe and nurturing environment for you to explore your innermost thoughts, feelings, and patterns.
(02) 9100 0232 View (02) 9100 0232
Photo of Odelia Carmon, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Odelia Carmon
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Waverley, NSW 2024
After 28 years a a psychotherapist I have learned to appreciate the strength and wisdom of my clients. Together we explore the possibilities Of healing wounds left by arduous living and exploring the opportunities for a healthy fulfilled life . I practice holisticall looking at the working and integration of the body and the mind using the conversational model as well as narrative therapy.
After 28 years a a psychotherapist I have learned to appreciate the strength and wisdom of my clients. Together we explore the possibilities Of healing wounds left by arduous living and exploring the opportunities for a healthy fulfilled life . I practice holisticall looking at the working and integration of the body and the mind using the conversational model as well as narrative therapy.
(02) 6189 2698 View (02) 6189 2698
Photo of Karyn Krawford, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Karyn Krawford
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Waverley, NSW 2024  (Online Only)
Hi, I am a Psychotherapist with a clinical registration. I help a broad range of people and challenges that range from childhood events causing thoughts, feelings and behaviours in the present time to be affected, to relationship challenges both in families, partnerships and proffessional relationships. I help people overcome and survive in ways that support healthy functioning and enjoyment of life. These can relate to stress, anxiety, changes in the person or environment, relationship breakdowns and death of treasured others. I provide a free consultation and currently work online only.
Hi, I am a Psychotherapist with a clinical registration. I help a broad range of people and challenges that range from childhood events causing thoughts, feelings and behaviours in the present time to be affected, to relationship challenges both in families, partnerships and proffessional relationships. I help people overcome and survive in ways that support healthy functioning and enjoyment of life. These can relate to stress, anxiety, changes in the person or environment, relationship breakdowns and death of treasured others. I provide a free consultation and currently work online only.
(02) 9100 0537 View (02) 9100 0537
Photo of Megan Drummond - Megan Drummond Psychotherapy, Psychotherapist
Megan Drummond Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Waverley, NSW 2024  (Online Only)
Bespoke, Supportive and Integrative: At Megan Drummond Psychotherapy, we provide top-tier, research-backed therapy to guide you on a nurturing, evidence-based journey toward healing and growth. Our approach empowers you with practical tools for personal transformation, resilience, and lasting positive change.
Bespoke, Supportive and Integrative: At Megan Drummond Psychotherapy, we provide top-tier, research-backed therapy to guide you on a nurturing, evidence-based journey toward healing and growth. Our approach empowers you with practical tools for personal transformation, resilience, and lasting positive change.
(02) 9100 0639 View (02) 9100 0639

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Kate Deakin, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Kate Deakin
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I help people with -emotional regulation -nervous system regulation & becoming more grounded -limiting thoughts and beliefs -internal conflicts -body tension patterns and ways psychological pain shows in the body -developing self-acceptance and self-confidence -relationship and communication skills - existential fears -developing inner wisdom and intuition.
I am a general psychotherapist, counsellor, body psychotherapist, meditation & embodiment teacher. I offer individual therapy & online grounding & embodiment meditation classes. I work with: -Anxiety, depression, difficult emotions -Self-esteem -Chronic pain -Insomnia -Relationship issues - Existential issues: fear of death, illness, isolation, uncertainty, change, loss -Lack of meaning (& fulfilment) -Life goals -'Psychosomatic' issues e.g. chronic fatigue, gastro issues -Grief -Sensitivity -Building resilience -Making decisions -Your relationship with time -'OCD' -'panic attacks' -General life challenges -Breathing related issues
I help people with -emotional regulation -nervous system regulation & becoming more grounded -limiting thoughts and beliefs -internal conflicts -body tension patterns and ways psychological pain shows in the body -developing self-acceptance and self-confidence -relationship and communication skills - existential fears -developing inner wisdom and intuition.
I am a general psychotherapist, counsellor, body psychotherapist, meditation & embodiment teacher. I offer individual therapy & online grounding & embodiment meditation classes. I work with: -Anxiety, depression, difficult emotions -Self-esteem -Chronic pain -Insomnia -Relationship issues - Existential issues: fear of death, illness, isolation, uncertainty, change, loss -Lack of meaning (& fulfilment) -Life goals -'Psychosomatic' issues e.g. chronic fatigue, gastro issues -Grief -Sensitivity -Building resilience -Making decisions -Your relationship with time -'OCD' -'panic attacks' -General life challenges -Breathing related issues
(02) 9100 0463 View (02) 9100 0463
Photo of Johan Torsteinsrud - Human Puzzles Counselling & Supervision Services, PACFA, Counsellor
Human Puzzles Counselling & Supervision Services
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Darlinghurst, NSW 2010
I understand that each person is unique, and I take an integrative approach to therapy, using a mix of techniques from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person-Centred Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Goal Setting, Gestalt Therapy, Transactional Analysis, Existential Therapy, Mindfulness-based Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and Creative Therapy.
My name is Johan Torsteinsrud, and my private practice is called Human Puzzles. I am a Sydney-based professional counsellor with over six years of experience in helping people from all walks of life find their way through life’s many challenges. My counselling sessions are mainly conducted online, either via Zoom or over the phone. This provides a convenient and safe way for people to access support without the added stress of travelling to an office. I strive to create a safe space for all genders, races, cultures, bodies, sexual orientations, family constellations, and relationships.
I understand that each person is unique, and I take an integrative approach to therapy, using a mix of techniques from Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Person-Centred Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Goal Setting, Gestalt Therapy, Transactional Analysis, Existential Therapy, Mindfulness-based Therapy, Narrative Therapy, and Creative Therapy.
My name is Johan Torsteinsrud, and my private practice is called Human Puzzles. I am a Sydney-based professional counsellor with over six years of experience in helping people from all walks of life find their way through life’s many challenges. My counselling sessions are mainly conducted online, either via Zoom or over the phone. This provides a convenient and safe way for people to access support without the added stress of travelling to an office. I strive to create a safe space for all genders, races, cultures, bodies, sexual orientations, family constellations, and relationships.
(02) 9100 0570 View (02) 9100 0570
Photo of Sara Ekenstierna - Ekenstierna Psykologkonsult , MSc
Ekenstierna Psykologkonsult
MSc
Verified Verified
Woollahra, NSW 2025  (Online Only)
Sara Ekenstierna is founder of Ekenstierna Psykologkonsult and Oakstar Coaching & Consulting. She is a licensed psychologist in private practice in Sweden. She has nearly twenty years of experience in the field, mainly from short term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) underpinned by existential thought, while also from psychiatry and organizational psychology. Sara is a published writer. She was a columnist for the popular Swedish professional magazine Psykologtidningen. Sara is a frequent speaker at conferences and a fellow of five divisions of the American Psychological Association, as well as of the American Philosophical Association.
Sara Ekenstierna is founder of Ekenstierna Psykologkonsult and Oakstar Coaching & Consulting. She is a licensed psychologist in private practice in Sweden. She has nearly twenty years of experience in the field, mainly from short term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) underpinned by existential thought, while also from psychiatry and organizational psychology. Sara is a published writer. She was a columnist for the popular Swedish professional magazine Psykologtidningen. Sara is a frequent speaker at conferences and a fellow of five divisions of the American Psychological Association, as well as of the American Philosophical Association.
(07) 5240 9980 View (07) 5240 9980
Photo of Margot Robinson, MA, Psychotherapist
Margot Robinson
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Clovelly, NSW 2031
I utilize an integrative approach incorporating elements of including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person Centred Therapy, and Solution Focused Therapy, Gottman Method Relationship Therapy, Schema therapy, Emotionally focused therapy with an Interpersonal and Existential focus.
Hi there! I’m passionate about helping individuals build and sustain functional, healthy relationships – with themselves, partners, family and the world at large - while investigating meaning and identity in their lives. I work with a variety of clients including those navigating anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, life transitions and interpersonal struggles. Let's look to find opportunities for personal growth as we find our way through these challenges. There is a power in having a fellow traveller beside you on your way to getting to know yourself, and I would be honoured to accompany you for this journey.
I utilize an integrative approach incorporating elements of including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Person Centred Therapy, and Solution Focused Therapy, Gottman Method Relationship Therapy, Schema therapy, Emotionally focused therapy with an Interpersonal and Existential focus.
Hi there! I’m passionate about helping individuals build and sustain functional, healthy relationships – with themselves, partners, family and the world at large - while investigating meaning and identity in their lives. I work with a variety of clients including those navigating anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, life transitions and interpersonal struggles. Let's look to find opportunities for personal growth as we find our way through these challenges. There is a power in having a fellow traveller beside you on your way to getting to know yourself, and I would be honoured to accompany you for this journey.
(02) 9100 0656 View (02) 9100 0656
Photo of Childless + Infertility - Sarah Roberts The Empty Cradle, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Childless + Infertility - Sarah Roberts The Empty Cradle
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000  (Online Only)
These tender, practical and evidence-based services are designed to help you heal your heart, feel confident & worthy, nurture connection, explore meaning and purpose, navigate the identity reconstruction and existential life transition from potential mother to being at peace & thriving as a childless (not-by-choice) woman.
It’s an honour to meet you. I’m sorry for the difficult circumstances and heartbreak that may have led you here. I work with women who had hoped to be mothers and it didn't happen. My hope is you can experience the love, care and support you need to heal your heart and live well. This is offered, with the deep, heart-felt knowing, that comes from being an involuntarily childless woman too. My personal story includes deeply desiring motherhood, 10 years trying to conceive (including IVF), leaving the clinic and struggling to find appropriate support. It was devastating, and I knew there must be other women just like me.
These tender, practical and evidence-based services are designed to help you heal your heart, feel confident & worthy, nurture connection, explore meaning and purpose, navigate the identity reconstruction and existential life transition from potential mother to being at peace & thriving as a childless (not-by-choice) woman.
It’s an honour to meet you. I’m sorry for the difficult circumstances and heartbreak that may have led you here. I work with women who had hoped to be mothers and it didn't happen. My hope is you can experience the love, care and support you need to heal your heart and live well. This is offered, with the deep, heart-felt knowing, that comes from being an involuntarily childless woman too. My personal story includes deeply desiring motherhood, 10 years trying to conceive (including IVF), leaving the clinic and struggling to find appropriate support. It was devastating, and I knew there must be other women just like me.
View
Photo of Ryan Kaplan, PsychD, MAPS, Psychologist
Ryan Kaplan
Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Verified Verified
Bondi Junction, NSW 2022
I am a clinical psychologist who works with adults of all ages, including young adults, to help them overcome the challenges they may be facing, reduce anxiety, depression and stress, and achieve more enjoyment and meaning in life. I work with people who may be struggling with anxiety, depression, obsessive thinking, challenging circumstances, adjustment to change, relationship issues, work or career-related concerns, issues with self-confidence or self-esteem, or deeper existential issues.
I am a clinical psychologist who works with adults of all ages, including young adults, to help them overcome the challenges they may be facing, reduce anxiety, depression and stress, and achieve more enjoyment and meaning in life. I work with people who may be struggling with anxiety, depression, obsessive thinking, challenging circumstances, adjustment to change, relationship issues, work or career-related concerns, issues with self-confidence or self-esteem, or deeper existential issues.
(02) 9158 6714 View (02) 9158 6714
Photo of Dr Adam McLean, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Dr Adam McLean
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
My approach is imbedded in the existential phenomenological approach which means I meet each person as unique and is individualised to address your dilemma.
It is a pleasure to work with men who take the important step in coming to therapy. Traditional gendered roles and societal expectations of men are changing. These changes offer challenges as men come to terms with the issues in a modern era. As an existential psychotherapist I hold the philosophy that all men who come to therapy are seeking to move beyond limitations impacting their lives and to be open to new possibilities and change. I have been working predominantly with gay and same sex attracted men including those men who identify as straight yet want to explore their inner world of relationship, fantasies, and beliefs.
My approach is imbedded in the existential phenomenological approach which means I meet each person as unique and is individualised to address your dilemma.
It is a pleasure to work with men who take the important step in coming to therapy. Traditional gendered roles and societal expectations of men are changing. These changes offer challenges as men come to terms with the issues in a modern era. As an existential psychotherapist I hold the philosophy that all men who come to therapy are seeking to move beyond limitations impacting their lives and to be open to new possibilities and change. I have been working predominantly with gay and same sex attracted men including those men who identify as straight yet want to explore their inner world of relationship, fantasies, and beliefs.
(02) 9100 0961 View (02) 9100 0961
Photo of Kate Mikhailouskaya, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Kate Mikhailouskaya
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Sydney, NSW 2000
I work by blending psychoanalytic and existential approach aiming at treating trauma within three major points of focus: self, relationship with self and traumatic memories.
If you are haunted by traumatic past or challenged by present life circumstances, I invite you to take an active step towards clarity, self-understanding and change. Whether it is about making sense of childhood experiences or improving current relationships with self and others, psychoanalytic and existential approach with a close focus on childhood experiences provides a solid way forward. With more than ten years of experience in psychoanalytic practice, I offer individual therapy, training and supervision in the area of complex or single incident trauma.
I work by blending psychoanalytic and existential approach aiming at treating trauma within three major points of focus: self, relationship with self and traumatic memories.
If you are haunted by traumatic past or challenged by present life circumstances, I invite you to take an active step towards clarity, self-understanding and change. Whether it is about making sense of childhood experiences or improving current relationships with self and others, psychoanalytic and existential approach with a close focus on childhood experiences provides a solid way forward. With more than ten years of experience in psychoanalytic practice, I offer individual therapy, training and supervision in the area of complex or single incident trauma.
(02) 9159 6013 View (02) 9159 6013
Photo of Steph Basia, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Steph Basia
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woollahra, NSW 2025
I specialise in person-centred, Acceptance commitment therapy (ACT), existential therapy and psychodynamic.
Our behaviours and feelings (emotional or physical symptoms) can be indicative to our state of mind. I believe anything that presents itself is asking to be acknowledged. We therefore owe it to ourselves to make the time and attend to the matter at hand. I have a client - centred approach, and work according to the individual's pace. I facilitate space for the presented issues to be explored and work towards obtaining peace and healthy function. I have an eclectic approach and choose interventions suitable to the individual client.
I specialise in person-centred, Acceptance commitment therapy (ACT), existential therapy and psychodynamic.
Our behaviours and feelings (emotional or physical symptoms) can be indicative to our state of mind. I believe anything that presents itself is asking to be acknowledged. We therefore owe it to ourselves to make the time and attend to the matter at hand. I have a client - centred approach, and work according to the individual's pace. I facilitate space for the presented issues to be explored and work towards obtaining peace and healthy function. I have an eclectic approach and choose interventions suitable to the individual client.
(02) 9100 0197 View (02) 9100 0197
Photo of Reed Everingham, MA, PACFA, Counsellor
Reed Everingham
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I work with many different types of people and in different professional contexts. My approach is relational, humanistic, and informed by the client’s lived experience and expression of self. I aim to create safety and connection for clients where they can work collaboratively to build capacity, insight, and momentum.
I work with many different types of people and in different professional contexts. My approach is relational, humanistic, and informed by the client’s lived experience and expression of self. I aim to create safety and connection for clients where they can work collaboratively to build capacity, insight, and momentum.
(02) 9100 0060 View (02) 9100 0060
Photo of Niko Antalffy - Fringe Therapy, PhD, PACFA, Counsellor
Niko Antalffy - Fringe Therapy
Counsellor, PhD, PACFA
Verified Verified
South Coogee, NSW 2034  (Online Only)
I provide online therapy for ‘fringe’ clients: LGBTQI+, non-monogamy/poly, BDSM/kink, neurodivergent, disability/chronic health conditions, sex workers and various ethnic and lifestyle backgrounds, helping with a range of psychological and emotional difficulties. I use a trauma-informed humanistic approach with evidence-based therapies for anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, overwhelm, and relationship issues. Nothing is too strange or too intersectional as I practice radical acceptance and have a wealth of deep experience and understanding of all the above ‘fringe’ issues and backgrounds.
I provide online therapy for ‘fringe’ clients: LGBTQI+, non-monogamy/poly, BDSM/kink, neurodivergent, disability/chronic health conditions, sex workers and various ethnic and lifestyle backgrounds, helping with a range of psychological and emotional difficulties. I use a trauma-informed humanistic approach with evidence-based therapies for anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, overwhelm, and relationship issues. Nothing is too strange or too intersectional as I practice radical acceptance and have a wealth of deep experience and understanding of all the above ‘fringe’ issues and backgrounds.
(02) 9100 0504 View (02) 9100 0504
Photo of Lachlan King, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Lachlan King
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Point Piper, NSW 2027  (Online Only)
I am a Registered Psychologist with experience working with various presentations pertaining to neurodiversity (e.g. Autism and ADHD), anxiety, depression, familial challenges, sexuality and relationship challenges. I also have an interest in sports psychology and HR selection. I am passionate in supporting my clients to navigate barriers and empower them to live fulfilling lives. I like to think my approach is professional and insightful but warm and authentic at the same time.
I am a Registered Psychologist with experience working with various presentations pertaining to neurodiversity (e.g. Autism and ADHD), anxiety, depression, familial challenges, sexuality and relationship challenges. I also have an interest in sports psychology and HR selection. I am passionate in supporting my clients to navigate barriers and empower them to live fulfilling lives. I like to think my approach is professional and insightful but warm and authentic at the same time.
View

See more therapy options for Waverley

Existential Counsellors

How does existential therapy work?

Existential therapy focuses on a patient’s inner experiences. The therapist tries to help the individual comprehend and alleviate symptoms by exploring their interior life. By confronting negative disquiet and emotions, the individual will hopefully become more open to finding meaning and purpose. This therapy can be administered to individuals or groups.

Is existential therapy evidence-based?

Existential therapy is an evidence-based practice. Research has determined that existential therapy can lead to significant improvement in the mental health of patients, and for some people it can be just as effective as cognitive behavioural therapy. The benefits of existential therapy are enduring, even long after treatment has ended.

How long does existential therapy last?

The goal of existential therapy is to understand a person’s internal experiences, which may sound like a lengthy process, but it does not have to be so in-depth. However, sessions are not short-term, and therapy can continue for months or up to a year. And because patients learn the theory behind existential therapy during treatment, they can also practice its tenets throughout life after therapy sessions have been completed.

Is existential therapy effective?

According to research, many patients find success with existential therapy. Researchers note that the therapy is particularly useful in improving feelings of isolation, feelings of purposelessness, as well as conditions such as anxiety and depression. Improvements in problem areas can persist even after the end of existential therapy, as individuals can continue working on themselves by using the tools they’ve developed during treatment.