Counselling in Sydenham, NSW

Photo of Rakib Islam, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Rakib Islam
Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sydenham, NSW 2044
I am passionate about supporting people on their path to healing and growth. I specialize in grief, anxiety, depression, stress, relationships, self-esteem, and trauma. As a South Asian (Bangladeshi) person of colour and an immigrant, I am committed to assisting individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Whether it's cultural pressures, discrimination, or adjustment issues, I'm here to help. Additionally, I welcome those seeking support for spiritual and existential concerns. Don't hesitate to reach out; together, we can navigate your path towards living a meaningful and authentic life.
I am passionate about supporting people on their path to healing and growth. I specialize in grief, anxiety, depression, stress, relationships, self-esteem, and trauma. As a South Asian (Bangladeshi) person of colour and an immigrant, I am committed to assisting individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Whether it's cultural pressures, discrimination, or adjustment issues, I'm here to help. Additionally, I welcome those seeking support for spiritual and existential concerns. Don't hesitate to reach out; together, we can navigate your path towards living a meaningful and authentic life.
(02) 9100 0026 View (02) 9100 0026
Photo of Katie Summerfield - Heart Of Play Therapy Katie Summerfield
Heart Of Play Therapy Katie Summerfield
Verified Verified
Sydenham, NSW 2044
Like a flower, we bloom in the right environment; in the play therapy room I work with empathy and acceptance to create a safe space for children and families in order for them to work through their issues and “grow”. I recognise the importance of family and offer assistance to parents and carers to work towards a safer, happier and more relaxed home environment in a strength-based way. Child-centred Play Therapy is a gentle, trauma-informed and neuro-affirming way of supporting children in their unique reactions to coping with daily life, big life events or trauma and attachment issues.
Like a flower, we bloom in the right environment; in the play therapy room I work with empathy and acceptance to create a safe space for children and families in order for them to work through their issues and “grow”. I recognise the importance of family and offer assistance to parents and carers to work towards a safer, happier and more relaxed home environment in a strength-based way. Child-centred Play Therapy is a gentle, trauma-informed and neuro-affirming way of supporting children in their unique reactions to coping with daily life, big life events or trauma and attachment issues.
(02) 9100 0375 View (02) 9100 0375
Photo of Janelle Wright - Janelle Wright Counselling & Psychotherapy, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Janelle Wright Counselling & Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sydenham, NSW 2044
I see individuals, couples and families who want to understand themselves better and make changes that will bring about better functioning in their everyday life. My style is empathic, conversational and curious. Relationship patterns from early life usually continue into adulthood. An important part of the therapeutic work is to bring these patterns into awareness and consider which ones are still useful and which ones are no longer serving you well. I’m guided by psychodynamic theory and systems theory.
I see individuals, couples and families who want to understand themselves better and make changes that will bring about better functioning in their everyday life. My style is empathic, conversational and curious. Relationship patterns from early life usually continue into adulthood. An important part of the therapeutic work is to bring these patterns into awareness and consider which ones are still useful and which ones are no longer serving you well. I’m guided by psychodynamic theory and systems theory.
(02) 9053 4388 View (02) 9053 4388
Photo of Michelle Lin, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Michelle Lin
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Sydenham, NSW 2044
I specialise in Anti-Oppressive Practice, relationships, self-growth and identity, search for meaning, grief & loss, work-life stuff, victim-survivors of interpersonal and systemic violence (domestic violence and structural oppression), cultural identity, the LGBTIQA+ community, family of origin issues, and relational trauma such as childhood abuse or neglect. I enjoy working with individuals to really unpack their experiences of relationships and sense of self. I also provide clinical supervision for students, new grads, activists and peers working in counselling and helping professions.
I specialise in Anti-Oppressive Practice, relationships, self-growth and identity, search for meaning, grief & loss, work-life stuff, victim-survivors of interpersonal and systemic violence (domestic violence and structural oppression), cultural identity, the LGBTIQA+ community, family of origin issues, and relational trauma such as childhood abuse or neglect. I enjoy working with individuals to really unpack their experiences of relationships and sense of self. I also provide clinical supervision for students, new grads, activists and peers working in counselling and helping professions.
(02) 8074 5461 View (02) 8074 5461

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Carmen Iancu - Circle of Life Psychology Practice, MAPS, Psychologist
Circle of Life Psychology Practice
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Redfern, NSW 2016
Seeking help from a psychologist could be overwhelming and stressful. It may be seen as a sign of weakness or suggest that there is something wrong with the person. My professional aim is to assist the person seeking help in a collaborative, compassionate and authentic manner, in a therapeutic space where personal issues are viewed as opportunities to discover personal strengths, to foster personal growth and improve quality of life. I am deeply committed to empower individuals in overcoming the social stigma associated with mental health issues and I value each person’s uniqueness during their engagement in mental health recovery.
Seeking help from a psychologist could be overwhelming and stressful. It may be seen as a sign of weakness or suggest that there is something wrong with the person. My professional aim is to assist the person seeking help in a collaborative, compassionate and authentic manner, in a therapeutic space where personal issues are viewed as opportunities to discover personal strengths, to foster personal growth and improve quality of life. I am deeply committed to empower individuals in overcoming the social stigma associated with mental health issues and I value each person’s uniqueness during their engagement in mental health recovery.
(02) 9100 0819 View (02) 9100 0819
Photo of Joel Annesley, Psychotherapist
Joel Annesley
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
My ideal client is a person struggling with social anxiety, craving more self-confidence, battling fears, phobias, or past trauma, and trapped in self-criticism and overthinking. They desire freedom from anxiety, a path to a happier, more fulfilling life, and seek convenient solutions in Sydney CBD.
My ideal client is a person struggling with social anxiety, craving more self-confidence, battling fears, phobias, or past trauma, and trapped in self-criticism and overthinking. They desire freedom from anxiety, a path to a happier, more fulfilling life, and seek convenient solutions in Sydney CBD.
(02) 9159 6290 View (02) 9159 6290
Photo of Isabella Jacomb - Eastside Psychology Clinic, MAPS, Psychologist
Eastside Psychology Clinic
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Areas that I may be able to help you with include: cognitive difficulties (including attention, executive functioning and memory difficulties), learning difficulties (e.g. problems with reading, writing and mathematics), anxiety, depression, stress, burnout, adjustment difficulties and life changes, workplace issues, and parenting concerns
Areas that I may be able to help you with include: cognitive difficulties (including attention, executive functioning and memory difficulties), learning difficulties (e.g. problems with reading, writing and mathematics), anxiety, depression, stress, burnout, adjustment difficulties and life changes, workplace issues, and parenting concerns
(02) 9100 0331 View (02) 9100 0331
Photo of Dean Harrison - iflow Psychology, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed, Psychologist
iflow Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Verified Verified
Leichhardt, NSW 2040
Confidential, advanced psychological counselling services. Invest in your psychological well-being and optimise your quality of life. Address issues in your life, grow and succeed. The first step, calling, is the hardest. We make the rest easy. Contact us and we will guide you the rest of the way. No obligation.
Confidential, advanced psychological counselling services. Invest in your psychological well-being and optimise your quality of life. Address issues in your life, grow and succeed. The first step, calling, is the hardest. We make the rest easy. Contact us and we will guide you the rest of the way. No obligation.
(02) 8766 0541 View (02) 8766 0541
Photo of Prachi Savani
Prachi Savani
Verified Verified
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I am a South-Asian clinician who is passionate about guiding individuals on their journey towards self-discovery and personal empowerment. I view therapy as a universal tool for growth and self-realization, offering everyone the opportunity to understand their own narrative within the context of their lives. I teach valuable skills and strategies that foster a deeper understanding of yourself, enabling you to chart your unique path forward and reconnect with life in ways that brings you fulfillment and satisfaction. I can teach you practical skills & strategies and/or I can help you connect with & process your experiences.
I am a South-Asian clinician who is passionate about guiding individuals on their journey towards self-discovery and personal empowerment. I view therapy as a universal tool for growth and self-realization, offering everyone the opportunity to understand their own narrative within the context of their lives. I teach valuable skills and strategies that foster a deeper understanding of yourself, enabling you to chart your unique path forward and reconnect with life in ways that brings you fulfillment and satisfaction. I can teach you practical skills & strategies and/or I can help you connect with & process your experiences.
(02) 9100 0305 View (02) 9100 0305
Photo of Gus Norris, PhD, MAPS, Psychologist
Gus Norris
Psychologist, PhD, MAPS
Verified Verified
Glebe, NSW 2037  (Online Only)
I am a clinical psychologist with extensive experience who specialises in working with people who have mental health difficulties which affect their wellbeing and ability to function as they wish. I assist clients with depression, anxiety, anger, sleep problems, schizophrenia and chronic pain. Over many years of working with clients I have found Cognitive Behavioural to be a very valuable treatment for these conditions.
I am a clinical psychologist with extensive experience who specialises in working with people who have mental health difficulties which affect their wellbeing and ability to function as they wish. I assist clients with depression, anxiety, anger, sleep problems, schizophrenia and chronic pain. Over many years of working with clients I have found Cognitive Behavioural to be a very valuable treatment for these conditions.
(02) 9100 0562 View (02) 9100 0562
Photo of Hugh Churchward, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Hugh Churchward
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Are you struggling with feeling of shame, not being good enough, feel anxious or are uncomfortable around intimacy? Do you feel as though people just don't get you or that no-one is listening to what you are REALLY saying? Are you struggling with the impact of childhood experiences that - no matter what you do - just don't seem to go away? Then psychotherapy can help. With the right person and the right guidance it is possible to navigate through these issues and start to feel as though you are able to engage with life in a meaningful way again. I work together with you to discover that meaning and find a better place in the world.
Are you struggling with feeling of shame, not being good enough, feel anxious or are uncomfortable around intimacy? Do you feel as though people just don't get you or that no-one is listening to what you are REALLY saying? Are you struggling with the impact of childhood experiences that - no matter what you do - just don't seem to go away? Then psychotherapy can help. With the right person and the right guidance it is possible to navigate through these issues and start to feel as though you are able to engage with life in a meaningful way again. I work together with you to discover that meaning and find a better place in the world.
(02) 9158 6795 View (02) 9158 6795
Photo of Harry Bechara, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Harry Bechara
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
Harry is an integrative Psychotherapist & Counsellor with a passion for mental health and wellbeing. He draws on a range of therapeutic modalities which he tailors to individual needs. Harry meets clients with a warm and empathic presence and understands every person’s story is unique. He has an interest in early attachment trauma and its impact on the nervous system and adult relationships. Harry believes in peoples innate potential to grow from adversity and transform their lives - he is passionate about helping clients engage in this process.
Harry is an integrative Psychotherapist & Counsellor with a passion for mental health and wellbeing. He draws on a range of therapeutic modalities which he tailors to individual needs. Harry meets clients with a warm and empathic presence and understands every person’s story is unique. He has an interest in early attachment trauma and its impact on the nervous system and adult relationships. Harry believes in peoples innate potential to grow from adversity and transform their lives - he is passionate about helping clients engage in this process.
(02) 9100 0568 View (02) 9100 0568
Photo of Corrie Diamond, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Corrie Diamond
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Newtown, NSW 2042
My approach, is seeing clients where they need a safe space to talk. As I work with clients it's allowing myself to have privilege to be walking alongside them in creating a new story with new unique outcomes. Teaching clients the problem is the problem and not themselves.
My approach, is seeing clients where they need a safe space to talk. As I work with clients it's allowing myself to have privilege to be walking alongside them in creating a new story with new unique outcomes. Teaching clients the problem is the problem and not themselves.
(02) 8294 5693 View (02) 8294 5693
Photo of Nina Keller - People Psychology, PsyBA - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Nina Keller - People Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Newtown, NSW 2042
Nina is an AHPRA registered psychologist with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), who has experience working in Employee Assistance Program (EAP) counselling and providing psychological support in forensic settings. Nina aims to assist clients by providing psychoeducation, developing awareness and understanding, as well as assisting with the development of suitable strategies to assist with mental health concerns
Nina is an AHPRA registered psychologist with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA), who has experience working in Employee Assistance Program (EAP) counselling and providing psychological support in forensic settings. Nina aims to assist clients by providing psychoeducation, developing awareness and understanding, as well as assisting with the development of suitable strategies to assist with mental health concerns
(03) 7003 2193 View (03) 7003 2193
Photo of Paula Parmakellis, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Paula Parmakellis
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Leichhardt, NSW 2040
Not accepting new clients
Are you finding it difficult to manage your intense emotions? Have you experienced trauma in your life which is unresolved and affecting your life now? Or maybe you are at a point in life where you maybe feeling confused or just want to understand yourself better. I am an Accredited Mental Health Social worker with over 19 years experience in various roles with Children and Adolescents in Government and NGOs and counselling experience with Adolescents, families, ADF and their families. I am warm, empathic, authentic and enjoy a good laugh and would love to hear from you if you feel I would be a good fit.
Are you finding it difficult to manage your intense emotions? Have you experienced trauma in your life which is unresolved and affecting your life now? Or maybe you are at a point in life where you maybe feeling confused or just want to understand yourself better. I am an Accredited Mental Health Social worker with over 19 years experience in various roles with Children and Adolescents in Government and NGOs and counselling experience with Adolescents, families, ADF and their families. I am warm, empathic, authentic and enjoy a good laugh and would love to hear from you if you feel I would be a good fit.
(02) 9100 0106 View (02) 9100 0106
Photo of Aarthi Udayakumar, PACFA, Counsellor
Aarthi Udayakumar
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Alexandria, NSW 2015
Aarthi is registered as a clinical counsellor with the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA). She brings over 10 years of experience working directly with clients from all walks of life. Aarthi has experience working with individuals and families experiencing concerns relating to couples, domestic and family violence, trauma, grief and loss, child welfare and wellbeing, as well as depression, anxiety and a variety of other mental health issues. She has experience using trauma informed, strengths-based and outcomes focussed practices. Aarthi is dedicated to providing a service that is person-centred.
Aarthi is registered as a clinical counsellor with the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia (PACFA). She brings over 10 years of experience working directly with clients from all walks of life. Aarthi has experience working with individuals and families experiencing concerns relating to couples, domestic and family violence, trauma, grief and loss, child welfare and wellbeing, as well as depression, anxiety and a variety of other mental health issues. She has experience using trauma informed, strengths-based and outcomes focussed practices. Aarthi is dedicated to providing a service that is person-centred.
(02) 9100 0497 View (02) 9100 0497
Photo of Patrick McGrath, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Patrick McGrath
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Glebe, NSW 2037
I am a clinical psychologist who works across a variety of presentations including anxiety and mood disorders. I hope to bring a warm, empathic and authentic approach to the issues that people bring to therapy. I recognise the investment that people make when they share their difficulties with someone and commit to therapy, and work to honour that commitment by delivering evidence based treatments, that are tailored to a persons needs. I’ve benefitted greatly from the experience of working across a range of inpatient and outpatient hospital settings.
I am a clinical psychologist who works across a variety of presentations including anxiety and mood disorders. I hope to bring a warm, empathic and authentic approach to the issues that people bring to therapy. I recognise the investment that people make when they share their difficulties with someone and commit to therapy, and work to honour that commitment by delivering evidence based treatments, that are tailored to a persons needs. I’ve benefitted greatly from the experience of working across a range of inpatient and outpatient hospital settings.
(02) 8074 5482 View (02) 8074 5482
Photo of Alex Dunwoodie, MC, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Alex Dunwoodie
Psychotherapist, MC, PACFA
Verified Verified
Hurlstone Park, NSW 2193
I am a Person-centred Counsellor and Psychotherapist, my goal is to create a safe and nurturing space where clients can explore their strengths, develop coping strategies, and enhance their self-awareness. I provide support for a wide range of mental health concerns including trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, life transitions, parenting and personal growth.
I am a Person-centred Counsellor and Psychotherapist, my goal is to create a safe and nurturing space where clients can explore their strengths, develop coping strategies, and enhance their self-awareness. I provide support for a wide range of mental health concerns including trauma, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, life transitions, parenting and personal growth.
(02) 8000 0822 View (02) 8000 0822
Photo of Nell Campbell, PACFA, Counsellor
Nell Campbell
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Erskineville, NSW 2043
Are you looking for a place where you can be listened to and heard in a way that helps you understand yourself more deeply? Do you have a sense that life shouldn't feel so hard, but don't know how to feel better? Know that you are not alone. I understand that as human beings we are naturally self-protecting. Often this means that we attempt to bypass emotional discomfort in an effort to protect ourselves from pain. This avoidance tends to mean our suffering lingers and manifests in ways we have little control over such as; anxiety, depression, destructive relationships, unhealthy ways to cope and even physical symptoms.
Are you looking for a place where you can be listened to and heard in a way that helps you understand yourself more deeply? Do you have a sense that life shouldn't feel so hard, but don't know how to feel better? Know that you are not alone. I understand that as human beings we are naturally self-protecting. Often this means that we attempt to bypass emotional discomfort in an effort to protect ourselves from pain. This avoidance tends to mean our suffering lingers and manifests in ways we have little control over such as; anxiety, depression, destructive relationships, unhealthy ways to cope and even physical symptoms.
(02) 8599 2275 View (02) 8599 2275
Photo of Rob Engels, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Rob Engels
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Surry Hills, NSW 2010
I am a PACFA-certified somatic psychotherapist and counsellor. I specialise in trauma-informed awareness practices that dissolve the root causes of your suffering to liberate the freedom, authenticity and wholeness that is rightfully yours. In session, I invite you to move beyond the stories you tell about yourself into an experiential, embodied understanding of your core wounds so that you can tend and heal them. My work is holistic, encompassing body, mind and spirit, helping you to resolve the deeper, unconscious patterns, programs and processes that are holding you back.
I am a PACFA-certified somatic psychotherapist and counsellor. I specialise in trauma-informed awareness practices that dissolve the root causes of your suffering to liberate the freedom, authenticity and wholeness that is rightfully yours. In session, I invite you to move beyond the stories you tell about yourself into an experiential, embodied understanding of your core wounds so that you can tend and heal them. My work is holistic, encompassing body, mind and spirit, helping you to resolve the deeper, unconscious patterns, programs and processes that are holding you back.
(03) 7302 8745 View (03) 7302 8745

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Sydenham, NSW

< 10

Counsellors in Sydenham, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Bereavement
100% Self Esteem
100% Life Transitions
75% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD

Average years in practice

22 Years

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male

How Counsellors in Sydenham, NSW see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Sydenham?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.