Counselling in Saratoga, NSW

Photo of Leanne Lott, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Leanne Lott
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Saratoga, NSW 2251
Hi I'm Leanne I'm a Counsellor, Art Therapist, Emotional Freedom Techniques Practitioner and an Eating Psychology Coach, yes I know that's a lot of titles. What can I say I love to learn as many ways as I can to support the women who come to see me. I am passionate about supporting women to treat themselves with compassion and kindness and I have been doing this in various roles for over 30 years.
Hi I'm Leanne I'm a Counsellor, Art Therapist, Emotional Freedom Techniques Practitioner and an Eating Psychology Coach, yes I know that's a lot of titles. What can I say I love to learn as many ways as I can to support the women who come to see me. I am passionate about supporting women to treat themselves with compassion and kindness and I have been doing this in various roles for over 30 years.
(02) 5104 1056 View (02) 5104 1056
Photo of Julie Hughes, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Julie Hughes
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Saratoga, NSW 2251
Offering Ecotherapy and/or the more traditional indoor therapy. Experience compassion-focused psychological support for adolescents (16yrs+) and adults. Every client is important and treated with respect, understanding and whole-heartedness. Together we develop a treatment plan specific to your own unique needs.
Offering Ecotherapy and/or the more traditional indoor therapy. Experience compassion-focused psychological support for adolescents (16yrs+) and adults. Every client is important and treated with respect, understanding and whole-heartedness. Together we develop a treatment plan specific to your own unique needs.
(02) 4307 5207 View (02) 4307 5207
Moving Forward Clinical Psychologists
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Saratoga, NSW 2251
We are a small practice of Clinical Psychologists who are passionate about helping people using evidence-based practice, mainly Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT). However, depending upon what is likely to be most beneficial, we are often integrative in our approach, drawing upon ideas from different areas of psychology and counselling including Compassion-focused Therapy (CFT), Mindfulness based therapies, schema therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), EMDR, Gottman Couples Therapy, and family-based therapies.
We are a small practice of Clinical Psychologists who are passionate about helping people using evidence-based practice, mainly Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT). However, depending upon what is likely to be most beneficial, we are often integrative in our approach, drawing upon ideas from different areas of psychology and counselling including Compassion-focused Therapy (CFT), Mindfulness based therapies, schema therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), EMDR, Gottman Couples Therapy, and family-based therapies.
(02) 4307 6974 View (02) 4307 6974

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Julie Byrne, MA, PACFA, Counsellor
Julie Byrne
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Avoca Beach, NSW 2251
I believe the essence of emotional health and wellbeing is deeply connected to our relationships, how we connect or disconnect from others and our self. Life events, trauma’s, losses, isolation and sudden change can rupture our sense of wellbeing and impact or limit our potential. As a psychotherapist, I offer a genuine, caring, supportive space and the opportunity to explore and grow self-understanding and awareness, understand themes and patterns and process trauma and loss. I practice Relational Gestalt and person-centred therapy, working with the whole person with a willingness to continually learn, understand and support.
I believe the essence of emotional health and wellbeing is deeply connected to our relationships, how we connect or disconnect from others and our self. Life events, trauma’s, losses, isolation and sudden change can rupture our sense of wellbeing and impact or limit our potential. As a psychotherapist, I offer a genuine, caring, supportive space and the opportunity to explore and grow self-understanding and awareness, understand themes and patterns and process trauma and loss. I practice Relational Gestalt and person-centred therapy, working with the whole person with a willingness to continually learn, understand and support.
(02) 4307 6861 View (02) 4307 6861
Photo of Margie Braunstein, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Margie Braunstein
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Kincumber, NSW 2251  (Online Only)
I understand that every person has their own process in life and I support my clients to find their own way through so they can begin to integrate and find meaning and healing. ​
I understand that every person has their own process in life and I support my clients to find their own way through so they can begin to integrate and find meaning and healing. ​
(02) 4306 7403 View (02) 4306 7403
Photo of Julie Anders - Trauma Informed Psychotherapist, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Julie Anders - Trauma Informed Psychotherapist
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Erina, NSW 2250
As a Holistic Counsellor & Psychotherapist, I help people navigate the sometimes bumpy flow of life and facilitate their process of connecting back with their own inner strengths and resources. The impacts of trauma, anxiety and overwhelm can be debilitating. Together, we dive deeper than symptom management and work with the process that's wanting to emerge, the way of life that you imagine. We find out what's in the way of this new way of being, and step onto a new path, rich with the possibility of change.
As a Holistic Counsellor & Psychotherapist, I help people navigate the sometimes bumpy flow of life and facilitate their process of connecting back with their own inner strengths and resources. The impacts of trauma, anxiety and overwhelm can be debilitating. Together, we dive deeper than symptom management and work with the process that's wanting to emerge, the way of life that you imagine. We find out what's in the way of this new way of being, and step onto a new path, rich with the possibility of change.
(02) 4306 7106 View (02) 4306 7106
Photo of Alex Corcoran, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Alex Corcoran
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Macmasters Beach, NSW 2251
I am a Clinical Psychologist with twenty years of experience. My aim is to work towards positive change in a collaborative and gentle way. I have worked in private practice since 2003 and work with older teens and adults. I use a range of evidence-based therapies such as CBT, ACT, Schema Therapy, DBT and EMDR. I am experienced with a range of mental health conditions and have a special interest in helping people to recover from trauma. Please check out my website www.movingforward.net.au for more information.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with twenty years of experience. My aim is to work towards positive change in a collaborative and gentle way. I have worked in private practice since 2003 and work with older teens and adults. I use a range of evidence-based therapies such as CBT, ACT, Schema Therapy, DBT and EMDR. I am experienced with a range of mental health conditions and have a special interest in helping people to recover from trauma. Please check out my website www.movingforward.net.au for more information.
1300 133 013 View 1300 133 013
Photo of Brodie Newman, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Brodie Newman
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Kincumber, NSW 2251
You deserve to live a life of abundance and happiness, I believe all humans are innately good and I hope to support you in your journey so that you too may go forth into the world and shine your light. Engaging in therapy can be intimidating and might feel a little daunting, I hear you and see you. It's okay to feel scared, but trust me when I say if you take the leap and have some faith that things can and will get better. My intention is to guide and support you to become everything you want to be and find solstice within your experience so that you can live your life with peace and harmony at the forefront.
You deserve to live a life of abundance and happiness, I believe all humans are innately good and I hope to support you in your journey so that you too may go forth into the world and shine your light. Engaging in therapy can be intimidating and might feel a little daunting, I hear you and see you. It's okay to feel scared, but trust me when I say if you take the leap and have some faith that things can and will get better. My intention is to guide and support you to become everything you want to be and find solstice within your experience so that you can live your life with peace and harmony at the forefront.
(02) 4307 6771 View (02) 4307 6771
Photo of Nicole Rae Ennis-Oakes - Centre for Neurodiversity, MAPS, Psychologist
Centre for Neurodiversity
Psychologist, MAPS
Verified Verified
Erina, NSW 2250
Specialisation in children, adolescents and adults in need of diagnosis, or already diagnosed, higher functioning autism spectrum conditions, including those associated with (diagnosed) chromosomal abnormalities, and their parents or partners. Issues may be that the individual requires a formal diagnosis, intervention, intervention guidance, relationship guidance or parenting guidance.
Specialisation in children, adolescents and adults in need of diagnosis, or already diagnosed, higher functioning autism spectrum conditions, including those associated with (diagnosed) chromosomal abnormalities, and their parents or partners. Issues may be that the individual requires a formal diagnosis, intervention, intervention guidance, relationship guidance or parenting guidance.
(02) 4058 3921 View (02) 4058 3921
Photo of Sarah Gilligan, PACFA, Counsellor
Sarah Gilligan
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woy Woy, NSW 2256
As a counsellor for both individuals and couples, I create a gentle and safe space for self-exploration, facilitating clients to undergo change in areas of life they may be struggling with. Genuine connection and real conversations are at the heart of my sessions, ensuring clients feel safe, empowered and respected. I work sensitively from a trauma-informed framework, and work with clients on a range of issues including stress, anxiety, relationship issues, body image, self -esteem, grief & loss, identity, life transitions, feelings of lack of direction, and anyone needing to connect with a therapist for support.
As a counsellor for both individuals and couples, I create a gentle and safe space for self-exploration, facilitating clients to undergo change in areas of life they may be struggling with. Genuine connection and real conversations are at the heart of my sessions, ensuring clients feel safe, empowered and respected. I work sensitively from a trauma-informed framework, and work with clients on a range of issues including stress, anxiety, relationship issues, body image, self -esteem, grief & loss, identity, life transitions, feelings of lack of direction, and anyone needing to connect with a therapist for support.
(02) 4307 6208 View (02) 4307 6208
Photo of Helen Brereton, MA, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Helen Brereton
Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Avoca Beach, NSW 2251
I am passionate helping people to authentically express themselves and to create the relationships they want. I will support you to heal and transform your relationship with yourself and the people closest to you. I work with individuals and couples in-person and online individual sessions. I am the co-founder of 'The Courageous Man' & I also specialise in working with men who struggle in their relationships. Visit www.helenbrereton.com.au for more information and to book a session with me.
I am passionate helping people to authentically express themselves and to create the relationships they want. I will support you to heal and transform your relationship with yourself and the people closest to you. I work with individuals and couples in-person and online individual sessions. I am the co-founder of 'The Courageous Man' & I also specialise in working with men who struggle in their relationships. Visit www.helenbrereton.com.au for more information and to book a session with me.
(02) 4307 6133 View (02) 4307 6133
Photo of Toby Clark, MSc, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Toby Clark
Psychotherapist, MSc, PACFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Avoca Beach, NSW 2251  (Online Only)
Starting therapy can be an exciting journey on the path to healing. I have spent the past 16 years working within mental health as a registered nurse, primarily working with people who present to emergency departments in crisis. I am caring, understanding, curious, and optimistic for recovery. Over the years I have come to develop my understanding of the impact of psychological trauma, which can impact many aspects of our personal and social lives. After completing my Masters in the Conversational Model I now better understand how we can recover from trauma.
Starting therapy can be an exciting journey on the path to healing. I have spent the past 16 years working within mental health as a registered nurse, primarily working with people who present to emergency departments in crisis. I am caring, understanding, curious, and optimistic for recovery. Over the years I have come to develop my understanding of the impact of psychological trauma, which can impact many aspects of our personal and social lives. After completing my Masters in the Conversational Model I now better understand how we can recover from trauma.
View
Photo of Tammy Schwarzl, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Tammy Schwarzl
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Kincumber, NSW 2251
I am a qualified and experienced Accredited Mental Health Social Worker and counsellor, dedicated to providing therapy to individuals of all ages, including adolescents. With both professional expertise and personal lived experience, I understand the courage it takes to reach out for support during challenging times. As a mother and wife myself, I recognize the complexities of balancing personal, family and professional responsibilities. In my practice, I offer a safe and compassionate space for individuals to process their thoughts and emotions, fostering an environment where clients can explore their experiences without judgement.
I am a qualified and experienced Accredited Mental Health Social Worker and counsellor, dedicated to providing therapy to individuals of all ages, including adolescents. With both professional expertise and personal lived experience, I understand the courage it takes to reach out for support during challenging times. As a mother and wife myself, I recognize the complexities of balancing personal, family and professional responsibilities. In my practice, I offer a safe and compassionate space for individuals to process their thoughts and emotions, fostering an environment where clients can explore their experiences without judgement.
(02) 4307 5067 View (02) 4307 5067
Photo of Silvia Belo-Tomic, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Silvia Belo-Tomic
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Erina, NSW 2250
I am a Clinical Psychologist with vast experience in working with clients of a variety of ages in private practice. For the past six and a half years I worked specifically with youth, aged from 14 to 25. I am passionate about working with youth but I am also open to working with other age groups as well. My areas of interest include complex trauma, ADHD, gender identity, sexuality, anxiety, depression, stress management, and cultural change and adjustment.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with vast experience in working with clients of a variety of ages in private practice. For the past six and a half years I worked specifically with youth, aged from 14 to 25. I am passionate about working with youth but I am also open to working with other age groups as well. My areas of interest include complex trauma, ADHD, gender identity, sexuality, anxiety, depression, stress management, and cultural change and adjustment.
(02) 4307 5206 View (02) 4307 5206
Photo of Karryn Chivers - Chivers Counselling & Relationship Services, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Chivers Counselling & Relationship Services
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Woy Woy, NSW 2256
Life doesn't always go as we plan. We can end up experiencing relationship struggles or abuse, find it difficult to get past grief and loss, find ourselves relying on substances or other addictive behaviours to get by. We may experience depression or anxiety, or wake up one morning and realise that for whatever reason, things that used to work for us are just not working anymore. We may feel exhausted or empty or disappointed and not really know why. Whether you are battling a long term problem or experiencing a new and unexpected struggle, we can support and equip you through empathetic and confidential counselling.
Life doesn't always go as we plan. We can end up experiencing relationship struggles or abuse, find it difficult to get past grief and loss, find ourselves relying on substances or other addictive behaviours to get by. We may experience depression or anxiety, or wake up one morning and realise that for whatever reason, things that used to work for us are just not working anymore. We may feel exhausted or empty or disappointed and not really know why. Whether you are battling a long term problem or experiencing a new and unexpected struggle, we can support and equip you through empathetic and confidential counselling.
(02) 4306 7011 View (02) 4306 7011
Photo of Cherie Gardner, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Cherie Gardner
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Woy Woy, NSW 2256
I am a Central Coast based Counsellor and Psychotherapist and I work with people experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, addictions, anger management and much more. I support my clients by working on increased awareness, offering new ways to move forward in a more resourced, balanced way of living. My goal is to enhance well-being and provide a compassionate life-changing experience.
I am a Central Coast based Counsellor and Psychotherapist and I work with people experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, grief and loss, addictions, anger management and much more. I support my clients by working on increased awareness, offering new ways to move forward in a more resourced, balanced way of living. My goal is to enhance well-being and provide a compassionate life-changing experience.
(02) 4307 5346 View (02) 4307 5346
Photo of Leah O'Rourke, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Leah O'Rourke
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Woy Woy, NSW 2256
What would you do without that sadness? Will we find out? Sadness has many faces: anxious, depressed, traumatised, angry. Well ten years of formal training (Clinical Psychologist) tells you I’m patient, sincere, and ready to hold it all gently while we detangle it together. The gift is seeing your situation from higher ground. You move past the tricky mind, onto peace and flow. BYO anguish & confusion, take away stillness. As Van Morrison almost said: ‘No Guru, Just Method’. Clin. Psychs use gold-standard methods to help you see yourself afresh, identify where you're stuck, and truly connect you with here-now capacity for change.
What would you do without that sadness? Will we find out? Sadness has many faces: anxious, depressed, traumatised, angry. Well ten years of formal training (Clinical Psychologist) tells you I’m patient, sincere, and ready to hold it all gently while we detangle it together. The gift is seeing your situation from higher ground. You move past the tricky mind, onto peace and flow. BYO anguish & confusion, take away stillness. As Van Morrison almost said: ‘No Guru, Just Method’. Clin. Psychs use gold-standard methods to help you see yourself afresh, identify where you're stuck, and truly connect you with here-now capacity for change.
(02) 4307 6404 View (02) 4307 6404
Photo of Joanna Francis - Treehouse Wellness and Art Studio, MA, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Treehouse Wellness and Art Studio
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Copacabana, NSW 2251
A person-centred approach to building self confidence and awareness, identifying unhelpful patterns and conditioning, learning strategies to deal with stress and life challenges, and healing the wounds of trauma and grief.
A person-centred approach to building self confidence and awareness, identifying unhelpful patterns and conditioning, learning strategies to deal with stress and life challenges, and healing the wounds of trauma and grief.
(02) 4306 7669 View (02) 4306 7669
Photo of Sally Hainey - Soulful Psychotherapy , MA, Psychotherapist
Soulful Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
Woy Woy, NSW 2256
As a counsellor and psychotherapist, my vision is to create an alternative, holistic approach to healing by incorporating a combination of evidence-based talk therapy with practice-based interventions - the cornerstone for gold standard treatment for trauma and other mental health issues. As we adapt to the demands of a competitive society, the escalating high costs of living, and increased societal division through gender violence, our relationships with self and others become vulnerable. We have less time available to cultivate healthy relationships for ourselves and others which prevents us from living a full and happy life.
As a counsellor and psychotherapist, my vision is to create an alternative, holistic approach to healing by incorporating a combination of evidence-based talk therapy with practice-based interventions - the cornerstone for gold standard treatment for trauma and other mental health issues. As we adapt to the demands of a competitive society, the escalating high costs of living, and increased societal division through gender violence, our relationships with self and others become vulnerable. We have less time available to cultivate healthy relationships for ourselves and others which prevents us from living a full and happy life.
(02) 4307 5008 View (02) 4307 5008
Photo of Leisa Pritchard - The Heart & Mind Collective, PsyBA General, Psychologist
The Heart & Mind Collective
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Erina, NSW 2250
Leisa is a psychologist providing tailored assessment and treatment of children, adolescents and adults. Leisa provides comprehensive assessment for developmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD and Intellectual (Cognitive) difficulties using gold standard measures. She is experienced in the treatment of ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression, behavioural issues, PTSD, attachment difficulties, and selective mutism. Leisa is an accredited Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) practitioner and is currently providing Telehealth support online (Zoom).
Leisa is a psychologist providing tailored assessment and treatment of children, adolescents and adults. Leisa provides comprehensive assessment for developmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD and Intellectual (Cognitive) difficulties using gold standard measures. She is experienced in the treatment of ASD, ADHD, anxiety, depression, behavioural issues, PTSD, attachment difficulties, and selective mutism. Leisa is an accredited Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing (EMDR) practitioner and is currently providing Telehealth support online (Zoom).
(02) 4326 0725 View (02) 4326 0725

See more therapy options for Saratoga

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Saratoga, NSW

< 10

Counsellors in Saratoga, NSW who prioritize treating:

67% Depression
67% Anxiety
67% Bereavement
67% Emotional Disturbance
67% Self Esteem
67% Stress
33% ADHD

Average years in practice

6 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Saratoga, NSW see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Saratoga?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.