Dialectical Behaviour (DBT) Counselling in Lindfield, NSW
I offer a warm and respectful therapeutic space to adolescents (16+ years) and adults, taking a collaborative approach with each client to develop a treatment plan that recognises their unique strengths and values, and works to address their current challenges, while also promoting their overall health and wellbeing. I draw on various therapy models to do so, including CBT, DBT, EMDR (an evidence-based treatment for trauma), Internal Family Systems, mindfulness and attachment-focused approaches.
I offer a warm and respectful therapeutic space to adolescents (16+ years) and adults, taking a collaborative approach with each client to develop a treatment plan that recognises their unique strengths and values, and works to address their current challenges, while also promoting their overall health and wellbeing. I draw on various therapy models to do so, including CBT, DBT, EMDR (an evidence-based treatment for trauma), Internal Family Systems, mindfulness and attachment-focused approaches.
Dr Tamara Robins
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Lindfield, NSW 2070 (Online Only)
I am trained in evidence based therapies including CBT, ACT, DBT, EMDR, mindfulness based therapy, self compassion and trauma informed therapy.
I take a compassionate and personalised approach to therapy. I appreciate the distinctive backgrounds and perspectives of each individual. I enjoy working with teens 15+ and adults to build meaning and purpose in life and help navigate challenges such as anxiety, OCD, depression, work, study and parenting stress and burnout, PTSD and complex trauma.
I am trained in evidence based therapies including CBT, ACT, DBT, EMDR, mindfulness based therapy, self compassion and trauma informed therapy.
I take a compassionate and personalised approach to therapy. I appreciate the distinctive backgrounds and perspectives of each individual. I enjoy working with teens 15+ and adults to build meaning and purpose in life and help navigate challenges such as anxiety, OCD, depression, work, study and parenting stress and burnout, PTSD and complex trauma.
Kylie Finlayson, Principal Psychologist
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Endorsed
Verified Verified
Lindfield, NSW 2070
Kylie’s psychology practice focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of adults experiencing a variety of problems including anxiety, stress, depression, anger management and emotional dysregulation, PTSD, adult ADHD, and men’s mental health and distress. Kylie strives to understand each individual client and their unique problem and find the most effective strategies to help them. She uses a variety of evidence-based therapeutic approaches such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Narrative Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Positive Psychology, and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR).
Kylie’s psychology practice focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of adults experiencing a variety of problems including anxiety, stress, depression, anger management and emotional dysregulation, PTSD, adult ADHD, and men’s mental health and distress. Kylie strives to understand each individual client and their unique problem and find the most effective strategies to help them. She uses a variety of evidence-based therapeutic approaches such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Narrative Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Positive Psychology, and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR).
I'm predominantly trained in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), but I also integrate various other therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Solutions focused CBT, Motivational Interviewing (MI), Positive Psychology, and Schema Therapy.
What's most important to me is that you leave therapy with a sense of hope. I want to help you feel empowered to be the person you want to be. I take a client-led approach, meaning that we'll work together to address what you want to work on and I won't push you to discuss anything you're not ready for. I am neurodivergent affirming in my approach, meaning that therapy focuses on identifying environmental changes that can be made to suit your individual needs, instead of expecting you to change in order to suit the environment.
I'm predominantly trained in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), but I also integrate various other therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Solutions focused CBT, Motivational Interviewing (MI), Positive Psychology, and Schema Therapy.
What's most important to me is that you leave therapy with a sense of hope. I want to help you feel empowered to be the person you want to be. I take a client-led approach, meaning that we'll work together to address what you want to work on and I won't push you to discuss anything you're not ready for. I am neurodivergent affirming in my approach, meaning that therapy focuses on identifying environmental changes that can be made to suit your individual needs, instead of expecting you to change in order to suit the environment.
“I believe that every individual will experience challenges throughout their lives and that those experiences can shape the way a person can feel, think and behave with the world around them and in their interpersonal relationships. Often we attempt to protect ourselves from feeling difficult emotions through behaving in a way that is taking us away from living the life we want. I believe that building a deep understanding and connection to the core of our emotional experience can provide understanding and clarity to promote emotional and behavioural change and mental wellbeing.”
“I believe that every individual will experience challenges throughout their lives and that those experiences can shape the way a person can feel, think and behave with the world around them and in their interpersonal relationships. Often we attempt to protect ourselves from feeling difficult emotions through behaving in a way that is taking us away from living the life we want. I believe that building a deep understanding and connection to the core of our emotional experience can provide understanding and clarity to promote emotional and behavioural change and mental wellbeing.”
I am a well-grounded and enthusiastic psychologist from Barcelona. Over the years I have worked and undertaken training in a wide range of fast-changing settings and healthcare organisations including the EAPS Mutuam Girona and Doctor Josep Trueta University Hospital, providing up-to-date evidence-based interventions to a broad population of adult patients with acute physical and mental health issues. Furthermore, I hold extensive experience in the private sector working with children and adolescents with autism, neurodevelopmental disorders or intellectual disabilities in their homes or in my practice.
I am a well-grounded and enthusiastic psychologist from Barcelona. Over the years I have worked and undertaken training in a wide range of fast-changing settings and healthcare organisations including the EAPS Mutuam Girona and Doctor Josep Trueta University Hospital, providing up-to-date evidence-based interventions to a broad population of adult patients with acute physical and mental health issues. Furthermore, I hold extensive experience in the private sector working with children and adolescents with autism, neurodevelopmental disorders or intellectual disabilities in their homes or in my practice.
Mind Life (Founder John Zavaglia)
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lindfield, NSW 2070
My name is John Zavaglia, Registered and Qualified Mental Health Counsellor. If you find yourself worrying excessively, perhaps are depressed, affected by trauma, experiencing grief, addicted or having problems communicating and engaging socially. I can focus on building your emotional intelligence, bolstering your resilience, and help you evolve into new behaviours. Let’s make contact to arrange a brief chat to discuss your needs and start to Untangle your Mind.
My name is John Zavaglia, Registered and Qualified Mental Health Counsellor. If you find yourself worrying excessively, perhaps are depressed, affected by trauma, experiencing grief, addicted or having problems communicating and engaging socially. I can focus on building your emotional intelligence, bolstering your resilience, and help you evolve into new behaviours. Let’s make contact to arrange a brief chat to discuss your needs and start to Untangle your Mind.
Caitlin Antoon
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lindfield, NSW 2070
Hello, my name is Caitlin, and I'm a clinical psychologist currently offering F2F and telehealth sessions at my cosy home clinic in Wahroonga. While I take mental health seriously, I try not to take myself or life too seriously. I believe therapy is effortful, taxing and hard, so it is important for my patients to feel as comfortable as possible in this process.
Hello, my name is Caitlin, and I'm a clinical psychologist currently offering F2F and telehealth sessions at my cosy home clinic in Wahroonga. While I take mental health seriously, I try not to take myself or life too seriously. I believe therapy is effortful, taxing and hard, so it is important for my patients to feel as comfortable as possible in this process.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who is passionate about supporting clients to live a life full of meaning and vitality. I believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship, and endeavour to offer a warm, supportive space where you can feel safe to be vulnerable and explore any deeper issues driving your unhappiness or distress. I am trained in working with a full range of presentations, with a particular interest in working with anxiety disorders, OCD, eating disorders, and body image issues. I also enjoy providing longer-term therapy targeting ongoing patterns of behaviour linked to painful past experiences or unmet needs.
I am a Clinical Psychologist who is passionate about supporting clients to live a life full of meaning and vitality. I believe in the importance of the therapeutic relationship, and endeavour to offer a warm, supportive space where you can feel safe to be vulnerable and explore any deeper issues driving your unhappiness or distress. I am trained in working with a full range of presentations, with a particular interest in working with anxiety disorders, OCD, eating disorders, and body image issues. I also enjoy providing longer-term therapy targeting ongoing patterns of behaviour linked to painful past experiences or unmet needs.
More Therapists Nearby
Joelle Fa
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Macquarie Park, NSW 2113 (Online Only)
I utilise a range of evidence-based treatments including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, tailored to the individual and their goals.
Joelle will be on extended leave from June 2024 and is not currently taking new referrals. Getting to hear and know my clients’ stories is an incredible privilege. I see therapy as a partnership, where we work as a team to get you to where you want to be. Offering my clients hope and restoration even in the midst of the most difficult seasons is one of my greatest joys. I have worked in hospital inpatient and community settings, universities and in various private practice settings. When I am not seeing clients, I enjoy training and supervising clinicians in treatment of eating disorders through my role at the InsideOut Institute.
I utilise a range of evidence-based treatments including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Schema Therapy and Dialectical Behavioural Therapy, tailored to the individual and their goals.
Joelle will be on extended leave from June 2024 and is not currently taking new referrals. Getting to hear and know my clients’ stories is an incredible privilege. I see therapy as a partnership, where we work as a team to get you to where you want to be. Offering my clients hope and restoration even in the midst of the most difficult seasons is one of my greatest joys. I have worked in hospital inpatient and community settings, universities and in various private practice settings. When I am not seeing clients, I enjoy training and supervising clinicians in treatment of eating disorders through my role at the InsideOut Institute.
He is trained in: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Schema Therapy, Prolonged Grief Therapy, Mindfulness-based Strategies.
Ziting has a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Dickinson College (U.S.), a Bachelor of
Arts in Psychology (Honours) from The University of Queensland, and a Master of Clinical Psychology from Western Sydney University. Originally from Beijing, China, Ziting’s multicultural background enriches his ability to empathize with diverse clients in both English and Mandarin (普通话). His empathetic, genuine, and conscientious nature fosters strong therapeutic relationships with his clients. He believes in the transformative power of storytelling and active listening, which helps him fully understand and address his clients’ unique concerns.
He is trained in: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Schema Therapy, Prolonged Grief Therapy, Mindfulness-based Strategies.
Ziting has a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Dickinson College (U.S.), a Bachelor of
Arts in Psychology (Honours) from The University of Queensland, and a Master of Clinical Psychology from Western Sydney University. Originally from Beijing, China, Ziting’s multicultural background enriches his ability to empathize with diverse clients in both English and Mandarin (普通话). His empathetic, genuine, and conscientious nature fosters strong therapeutic relationships with his clients. He believes in the transformative power of storytelling and active listening, which helps him fully understand and address his clients’ unique concerns.
Dr Salena Bhanji
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Macquarie Park, NSW 2113
Dr Salena has been professionally trained to provide multiple therapies including: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT and CBT-E), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Schema Therapy (ST), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), Maudsley Family Based Therapy (FBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing (EMDR).
Dr Salena is a compassionate Clinical and Counselling Psychologist who has a genuine interest in supporting her clients heal from their mental health struggles and live peacefully in their bodies. Her main focus is providing therapy for disordered eating, eating disorders, body image issues, childhood trauma and self esteem issues. Dr Salena has undertaken extensive training over the past two decades in many mental health settings including the NHS in the UK, the Monte Nido treatment centres in the USA and the Butterfly Foundation in Sydney. Dr Salena ensures that every session delivers insight and practical skills to use.
Dr Salena has been professionally trained to provide multiple therapies including: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT and CBT-E), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Schema Therapy (ST), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Interpersonal Therapy (IPT), Maudsley Family Based Therapy (FBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing (EMDR).
Dr Salena is a compassionate Clinical and Counselling Psychologist who has a genuine interest in supporting her clients heal from their mental health struggles and live peacefully in their bodies. Her main focus is providing therapy for disordered eating, eating disorders, body image issues, childhood trauma and self esteem issues. Dr Salena has undertaken extensive training over the past two decades in many mental health settings including the NHS in the UK, the Monte Nido treatment centres in the USA and the Butterfly Foundation in Sydney. Dr Salena ensures that every session delivers insight and practical skills to use.
Jennifer Gripton-Corbett Counselling&Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Willoughby, NSW 2068
Jennifer uses a trauma Informed approach to therapy, integrative in approach, drawing on modalities that resonate with her clients; person-centered therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, narrative therapy, family systems therapy, Gottman's therapy, compassion focused therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and mindfulness.
I am a Clinical Counsellor & Psychotherapist who provides individuals, couples & families the space to work collaboratively to achieve growth, change, increased wellbeing and new possibilities. I work in private practice, as a Lifeline Counsellor and as an Accredited Clinical Supervisor. My approach is trauma informed and person centered, utilising evidence-based therapy with people who are experiencing relationship issues, are stressed, grieving, or experiencing mental health concerns.
Jennifer uses a trauma Informed approach to therapy, integrative in approach, drawing on modalities that resonate with her clients; person-centered therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, narrative therapy, family systems therapy, Gottman's therapy, compassion focused therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and mindfulness.
I am a Clinical Counsellor & Psychotherapist who provides individuals, couples & families the space to work collaboratively to achieve growth, change, increased wellbeing and new possibilities. I work in private practice, as a Lifeline Counsellor and as an Accredited Clinical Supervisor. My approach is trauma informed and person centered, utilising evidence-based therapy with people who are experiencing relationship issues, are stressed, grieving, or experiencing mental health concerns.
Dr Carol Choo - Clinical Psychologist - People Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Chatswood, NSW 2067
Carol is well versed in various therapeutic modalities including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Narrative Therapy, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and strength-based approaches.
Carol holds a Doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology and has been practicing as a registered Psychologist for over 20 years, at various settings including private practice, mental health and community sectors. Carol offers telehealth appointments only, she has expertise in working with depression, anxiety, stress, and is keen to assist adults with general psychological issues and enhance their resilience, but also has multilingual skills, delivers services in English, Chinese ( 说中文, Mandarin and Cantonese), and interest in working with migrants and clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.
Carol is well versed in various therapeutic modalities including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ( DBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Narrative Therapy, Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, and strength-based approaches.
Carol holds a Doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology and has been practicing as a registered Psychologist for over 20 years, at various settings including private practice, mental health and community sectors. Carol offers telehealth appointments only, she has expertise in working with depression, anxiety, stress, and is keen to assist adults with general psychological issues and enhance their resilience, but also has multilingual skills, delivers services in English, Chinese ( 说中文, Mandarin and Cantonese), and interest in working with migrants and clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.
I am a Clinical Psychologist deeply passionate about helping clients build skills to live healthy and meaningful lives. As every individual has different experiences and needs, I employ evidence-based treatments tailored to align with your personal requirements. I am trained in EMDR, IFS, CBT, ACT and DBT. I have experience working with individuals of all ages with mild to severe mental health concerns. My goal is to guide and work alongside your therapeutic journey to personal improvement and psychological wellbeing.
I am a Clinical Psychologist deeply passionate about helping clients build skills to live healthy and meaningful lives. As every individual has different experiences and needs, I employ evidence-based treatments tailored to align with your personal requirements. I am trained in EMDR, IFS, CBT, ACT and DBT. I have experience working with individuals of all ages with mild to severe mental health concerns. My goal is to guide and work alongside your therapeutic journey to personal improvement and psychological wellbeing.
Praveena Rajeswaran
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Macquarie Park, NSW 2113
I am a warm and experienced clinical psychologist who loves working collaboratively with people from all backgrounds. I specialise in supporting children and adolescents manage their behaviour/emotions and navigate transitions, as well as supporting parents & families to work towards strong & meaningful family relationships. I am also interested in supporting those with a history of trauma. I am trained in several trauma-informed modalities, including DBT, Schema Therapy and Narrative Therapy. To support you, I would integrate my extensive clinical experience, the latest scientific evidence, and your unique values and goals.
I am a warm and experienced clinical psychologist who loves working collaboratively with people from all backgrounds. I specialise in supporting children and adolescents manage their behaviour/emotions and navigate transitions, as well as supporting parents & families to work towards strong & meaningful family relationships. I am also interested in supporting those with a history of trauma. I am trained in several trauma-informed modalities, including DBT, Schema Therapy and Narrative Therapy. To support you, I would integrate my extensive clinical experience, the latest scientific evidence, and your unique values and goals.
I support clients predominantly through delivery of techniques derived from: Dialectical Behavioural Therapy ( DBT); Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) ; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT); Schema Therapy; and Person-Centred Therapy.
Whether you want to learn strategies to regain mental health; regulate intense emotions; navigate life's complexities and relationships; manage stress or simply maintain optimal wellbeing and balance, I take a compassionate, collaborative and client-centred approach in employing evidence based treatment relevant to the uniqueness of the client. Working with adolescents and adults from a predominantly DBT-informed lens, I encourage people to take an active role in devising treatment goals and firmly believe that each individual is the expert on themselves. I strive to consistently embody non-judgment and flexibility in all that I do.
I support clients predominantly through delivery of techniques derived from: Dialectical Behavioural Therapy ( DBT); Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) ; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT); Schema Therapy; and Person-Centred Therapy.
Whether you want to learn strategies to regain mental health; regulate intense emotions; navigate life's complexities and relationships; manage stress or simply maintain optimal wellbeing and balance, I take a compassionate, collaborative and client-centred approach in employing evidence based treatment relevant to the uniqueness of the client. Working with adolescents and adults from a predominantly DBT-informed lens, I encourage people to take an active role in devising treatment goals and firmly believe that each individual is the expert on themselves. I strive to consistently embody non-judgment and flexibility in all that I do.
Carolina Souto-Jones
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
Chatswood, NSW 2067
Waitlist for new clients
I have extensive experience through my previous work as a group therapist in private clinics working with eating disorders, drug and alcohol, all mood disorders and DBT groups.
I work with a person-centred approach, within it I pull from my years of experience in all areas of mental health. The therapeutic strategies and interventions I predominantly work with are the behaviour focused therapies of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, ( DBT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). Above all I hold the up most importance in developing a good therapeutic relationship between client and therapist, within it a emotional bond of trust, caring and respect is created, which allows for a safe space where healing can take place.
I have extensive experience through my previous work as a group therapist in private clinics working with eating disorders, drug and alcohol, all mood disorders and DBT groups.
I work with a person-centred approach, within it I pull from my years of experience in all areas of mental health. The therapeutic strategies and interventions I predominantly work with are the behaviour focused therapies of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, ( DBT), Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR). Above all I hold the up most importance in developing a good therapeutic relationship between client and therapist, within it a emotional bond of trust, caring and respect is created, which allows for a safe space where healing can take place.
Emma is a Clinical Psychologist with 22 years experience in supporting the mental health of children adolescents and adults. She has a special interest in assessing neurodiversity and in supporting clients to discover and better understand their unique brain styles. Emma is trained in numerous evidence based therapies including CBT, ACT, EMDR, DBT, schema therapy, SFBT and Art & Play therapies. Emma's experience is varied and she provides support in relation to anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma, phobia's and burnout related to ADHD and Autistic brain styles.
Emma is a Clinical Psychologist with 22 years experience in supporting the mental health of children adolescents and adults. She has a special interest in assessing neurodiversity and in supporting clients to discover and better understand their unique brain styles. Emma is trained in numerous evidence based therapies including CBT, ACT, EMDR, DBT, schema therapy, SFBT and Art & Play therapies. Emma's experience is varied and she provides support in relation to anxiety, depression, OCD, trauma, phobia's and burnout related to ADHD and Autistic brain styles.
Want to create the life you want and reach your potential? Could you do with a little help to solve your problems? Need some support to fast track some of your goals? Well that's what I'm all about! I'm an experienced counsellor and psychotherapist and I work from a trauma-informed and client-led perspective. I'm kind but direct when needed, and support in a solutions focused manner. I love to laugh, and enjoy helping people work through challenges and achieve their goals. I'm a certified DBT ( Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) practitioner and run DBT Skills groups or individual DBT sessions in person and online.
Want to create the life you want and reach your potential? Could you do with a little help to solve your problems? Need some support to fast track some of your goals? Well that's what I'm all about! I'm an experienced counsellor and psychotherapist and I work from a trauma-informed and client-led perspective. I'm kind but direct when needed, and support in a solutions focused manner. I love to laugh, and enjoy helping people work through challenges and achieve their goals. I'm a certified DBT ( Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) practitioner and run DBT Skills groups or individual DBT sessions in person and online.
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Nearby Dialectical Behaviour (DBT) Counsellors Searches for Lindfield
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Who is DBT for?
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is designed for people who experience extreme emotional suffering because they lack the skills of emotion regulation and distress tolerance. The basic affliction can underlie a wide range of conditions, from borderline and other personality disorders to PTSD and treatment-resistant anxiety and depression. The therapy is helpful to those whose emotional reactivity is so intense it is disruptive to everyday functioning and leads to frequent crises.
Why do people need DBT?
The ability to regulate emotions is a core psychological skill that enables people to function in life and pay attention to the world outside themselves; it is consistently associated with well-being. DBT is designed to help people learn how to manage and regulate their emotions. Originally developed to treat people with borderline personality disorder whose extreme emotional suffering led to self-harming behaviour and suicide attempts, the therapy is now applied to other conditions involving emotion dysregulation, particularly when other treatments have failed.
What happens in DBT?
Individuals meet weekly with their therapist to discuss their experiences relating to moods, behaviour, and skills. Using checklists they maintain, they review emotional experiences and positive practices they engage in. The diaries help individuals discern what led up to a specific problem encountered, this is followed by discussion of the consequences of their actions. In addition, individuals may meet in class-like small groups to learn skills such as mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance.
How long does DBT last?
Because it is intended to establish long-lasting behavioural change among those with persistent problems, DBT is designed to last six months to a year. DBT includes both weekly sessions of individual therapy and weekly skills-training sessions conducted in small groups. Studies of DBT have documented improvement within a year of treatment, particularly in controlling self-harmful behaviour; nevertheless, individuals may require therapy for several years.