Counselling in Federal, NSW

Photo of Lea Hrubos Psychology, MPsych, Assoc MAPS, Psychologist
Lea Hrubos Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, Assoc MAPS
Verified Verified
Federal, NSW 2480
I work with adults from all walks of life who are seeking assistance to improve their mental health and psychological growth. I see individuals who are experiencing difficulties with issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, grief and loss, identity issues, low self-esteem, coping and adjustment issues, and self-care. If you are wanting to resolve unhelpful life patterns that restrict your personal growth, self-compassion and fulfilling connection with others, I would love to work with you.
I work with adults from all walks of life who are seeking assistance to improve their mental health and psychological growth. I see individuals who are experiencing difficulties with issues such as anxiety, depression, stress, relationship issues, grief and loss, identity issues, low self-esteem, coping and adjustment issues, and self-care. If you are wanting to resolve unhelpful life patterns that restrict your personal growth, self-compassion and fulfilling connection with others, I would love to work with you.
(02) 5604 4568 View (02) 5604 4568
Photo of Joanne Walker, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Joanne Walker
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Federal, NSW 2480
I have spent many years working with adults, children, families and professionals most notably those that have experienced trauma, but also addiction, grief, anxiety, emotional, relationship, parenting and other difficulties. I have spent time in indigenous communities and bring cultural awareness and sensitivity to a variety of cultural and other minority groups such as gender diverse.
I have spent many years working with adults, children, families and professionals most notably those that have experienced trauma, but also addiction, grief, anxiety, emotional, relationship, parenting and other difficulties. I have spent time in indigenous communities and bring cultural awareness and sensitivity to a variety of cultural and other minority groups such as gender diverse.
(07) 5655 7413 View (07) 5655 7413
Photo of Gretta Hazel Bottomley, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Gretta Hazel Bottomley
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Federal, NSW 2480
I am a warm and compassionate therapist who priorities the therapeutic relationship with my clients. I believe that a collaborative, client-focused approach creates a strong foundation to work through difficult experiences, and work toward meaningful and lasting change. I have experience working with adults struggling with a range of concerns including relationship distress, parenting difficulties, difficulty coping with traumatic or stressful events and changes, mood problems, and personality disorders.
I am a warm and compassionate therapist who priorities the therapeutic relationship with my clients. I believe that a collaborative, client-focused approach creates a strong foundation to work through difficult experiences, and work toward meaningful and lasting change. I have experience working with adults struggling with a range of concerns including relationship distress, parenting difficulties, difficulty coping with traumatic or stressful events and changes, mood problems, and personality disorders.
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Photo of Kirsten Killenberger, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Kirsten Killenberger
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Federal, NSW 2480
I believe that my work will enhance self-knowledge, awareness and self-worth. I have gained experience in working with adults as well as children, using expressive modalities such as art, movement and mindfulness to support understanding and positive outcomes. My focus is on improving self confidence, inner strength, trauma, anxiety, co-dependence, and parenting. I believe that I have developed a strong foundation as a supportive and caring psychotherapist.
I believe that my work will enhance self-knowledge, awareness and self-worth. I have gained experience in working with adults as well as children, using expressive modalities such as art, movement and mindfulness to support understanding and positive outcomes. My focus is on improving self confidence, inner strength, trauma, anxiety, co-dependence, and parenting. I believe that I have developed a strong foundation as a supportive and caring psychotherapist.
(02) 5604 0198 View (02) 5604 0198

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Mandy Jay - MJ Art Therapy, Byron Bay, NSW, AThR, Counsellor
MJ Art Therapy, Byron Bay, NSW
Counsellor, AThR
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480
I have a Masters Degree in Mental Health - specialising in Art Therapy. I am a registered Art Therapist and registered Counsellor. I am a registered Victims of Crime counsellor, so people who are eligible can get 22 free sessions with me. NDIS and private health funds also provide reimbursement for your sessions with me. I have done extra training in Art Therapy interventions used to address trauma, PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have worked with people of all ages, all diagnoses. I like to help people who have experienced trauma using sensorimotor art therapy. You can read more about this on my website www.mjarttherapy.com.au
I have a Masters Degree in Mental Health - specialising in Art Therapy. I am a registered Art Therapist and registered Counsellor. I am a registered Victims of Crime counsellor, so people who are eligible can get 22 free sessions with me. NDIS and private health funds also provide reimbursement for your sessions with me. I have done extra training in Art Therapy interventions used to address trauma, PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have worked with people of all ages, all diagnoses. I like to help people who have experienced trauma using sensorimotor art therapy. You can read more about this on my website www.mjarttherapy.com.au
(02) 5604 2513 View (02) 5604 2513
Photo of Jennifer Cameron, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Jennifer Cameron
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lismore, NSW 2480
Are you looking for help with anxiety? Or do you have chronic health issues and are looking for support that is caring and helpful? Are you wanting to work with a therapist who has training and skills to support you outshine your current state, embrace your life, whatever it's stage, and access your personal strength? I offer psychotherapy, counselling and coaching, I would love to support you through a deep process of healing and growth. My 1 hour sessions are held: from my peaceful counselling room in Ballina; online or by telephone; or on a beautiful beach or river walk in gorgeous Ballina, NSW
Are you looking for help with anxiety? Or do you have chronic health issues and are looking for support that is caring and helpful? Are you wanting to work with a therapist who has training and skills to support you outshine your current state, embrace your life, whatever it's stage, and access your personal strength? I offer psychotherapy, counselling and coaching, I would love to support you through a deep process of healing and growth. My 1 hour sessions are held: from my peaceful counselling room in Ballina; online or by telephone; or on a beautiful beach or river walk in gorgeous Ballina, NSW
(02) 5602 8608 View (02) 5602 8608
Photo of Ofunneka Amanda Anyanwu, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Ofunneka Amanda Anyanwu
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lismore, NSW 2480
Are you a member of the Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) community? Are you a parent finding it hard to connect with your teenager? Are you a mother trying to cope with the stress of being a mum, wife and working? Are you a single mother faced with life's challenges? Are you an individual going through the stress of relationship breakdown or simply trying to navigate transitions in your life? Are you a young person struggling to engage with school, your friends and family? If you answered yes to either of the above questions, then my counselling service is for you.
Are you a member of the Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) community? Are you a parent finding it hard to connect with your teenager? Are you a mother trying to cope with the stress of being a mum, wife and working? Are you a single mother faced with life's challenges? Are you an individual going through the stress of relationship breakdown or simply trying to navigate transitions in your life? Are you a young person struggling to engage with school, your friends and family? If you answered yes to either of the above questions, then my counselling service is for you.
(02) 4058 4011 View (02) 4058 4011
Photo of Andi Saunders, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Andi Saunders
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480
My clients encompass a diverse group. They often struggle with substance and behavioural addictions, trauma, attachment issues and co-dependency. They may be facing the challenges of aging or are a part of the farming community. Their common needs include navigating life transitions, reducing harmful habits, fostering healthy relationships and boundaries, boosting self-esteem and finding relational and social support. Ultimately, they desire to move from mere survival to seeking a fulfilling and balanced life.
My clients encompass a diverse group. They often struggle with substance and behavioural addictions, trauma, attachment issues and co-dependency. They may be facing the challenges of aging or are a part of the farming community. Their common needs include navigating life transitions, reducing harmful habits, fostering healthy relationships and boundaries, boosting self-esteem and finding relational and social support. Ultimately, they desire to move from mere survival to seeking a fulfilling and balanced life.
(02) 5610 9012 View (02) 5610 9012
Photo of Skye Elizabeth Hudson - Skye E Hudson Psychotherapy, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Skye E Hudson Psychotherapy
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480
I am an accredited psychotherapist offering face to face and online counselling. My work calls upon a variety of modalities such as Gestalt, Internal Family Systems, Body- Mind practices, Compassion practices, Symbol and Depth work. This integrative approach enables my clients to discover their own unique path to change and healing. I prioritise creating a safe and sturdy rapport within the therapuetic relationship as the foundation for the ongoing work of therapy. I work with individuals, adolescents and children. I also offer sand play, art and expressive therapies with a trauma informed lens.
I am an accredited psychotherapist offering face to face and online counselling. My work calls upon a variety of modalities such as Gestalt, Internal Family Systems, Body- Mind practices, Compassion practices, Symbol and Depth work. This integrative approach enables my clients to discover their own unique path to change and healing. I prioritise creating a safe and sturdy rapport within the therapuetic relationship as the foundation for the ongoing work of therapy. I work with individuals, adolescents and children. I also offer sand play, art and expressive therapies with a trauma informed lens.
(02) 5604 8849 View (02) 5604 8849
Photo of Michael Hocking, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Michael Hocking
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480
Drawing on experiential and person-centred psychotherapy, as well as Internal Family Systems and EMDR, my approach is integral and responsive to whatever is unfolding in the moment. I provide a safe, nurturing space for exploring and understanding the impact of experiences such as depression, anxiety, grief, illness, life-transitions or a search for meaning.
Drawing on experiential and person-centred psychotherapy, as well as Internal Family Systems and EMDR, my approach is integral and responsive to whatever is unfolding in the moment. I provide a safe, nurturing space for exploring and understanding the impact of experiences such as depression, anxiety, grief, illness, life-transitions or a search for meaning.
(02) 5604 6937 View (02) 5604 6937
Photo of Coby Baker, MA
Coby Baker
MA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lismore, NSW 2480
As a psychosexual therapist at Healing Studio, Coby Baker specialises in addressing intimate and sexual issues that individuals or couples may be experiencing. Their expertise lies in helping clients navigate challenges such as erectile dysfunction, low libido, sexual trauma, or intimacy issues within relationships. Coby's clients often seek their support to improve sexual satisfaction, enhance communication, and deepen intimacy. They aim to empower clients by exploring psychological factors that impact sexual well-being, offering a safe space for open dialogue and personalized treatment plans.
As a psychosexual therapist at Healing Studio, Coby Baker specialises in addressing intimate and sexual issues that individuals or couples may be experiencing. Their expertise lies in helping clients navigate challenges such as erectile dysfunction, low libido, sexual trauma, or intimacy issues within relationships. Coby's clients often seek their support to improve sexual satisfaction, enhance communication, and deepen intimacy. They aim to empower clients by exploring psychological factors that impact sexual well-being, offering a safe space for open dialogue and personalized treatment plans.
(02) 5657 6573 View (02) 5657 6573
Photo of Catherine Fleming, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Catherine Fleming
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480
I enjoy working with young people and families who are goal focused and motivated to make real progress and change. I have a down-to-earth and child friendly manner, with lived experience in the challenges of modern everyday family life. While having a keen interest in supporting the needs of children and families, I also provide support for individuals across the lifespan across a broad range of areas including trauma therapy and EMDR.
I enjoy working with young people and families who are goal focused and motivated to make real progress and change. I have a down-to-earth and child friendly manner, with lived experience in the challenges of modern everyday family life. While having a keen interest in supporting the needs of children and families, I also provide support for individuals across the lifespan across a broad range of areas including trauma therapy and EMDR.
(02) 5604 6303 View (02) 5604 6303
Photo of Caston Smith, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Caston Smith
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480
I am an English born, Australian qualified psychologist who is trained to help people of all ages with their mental and emotional challenges.
I am an English born, Australian qualified psychologist who is trained to help people of all ages with their mental and emotional challenges.
(02) 5602 6931 View (02) 5602 6931
Photo of Tegan Campbell - Tegan Campbell Psychology, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Tegan Campbell Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480  (Online Only)
As a neuroaffirming clinician I take a client centred and strengths approach, respecting your unique neurotype and what works for you best! What might we talk about in therapy? Almost anything! Perhaps it's stress, anxiety or depression. Or exploring your neurodivergent identity (ADHD/Autism), the assessment process, ADHD coaching topics, executive function strengths and weaknesses or substance use issues. Or maybe its parent support (raising neurodivergent kids and/or being ND yourself), strategies for time management, procrastination and routines, emotion regulation strategies, values...the list goes on!
As a neuroaffirming clinician I take a client centred and strengths approach, respecting your unique neurotype and what works for you best! What might we talk about in therapy? Almost anything! Perhaps it's stress, anxiety or depression. Or exploring your neurodivergent identity (ADHD/Autism), the assessment process, ADHD coaching topics, executive function strengths and weaknesses or substance use issues. Or maybe its parent support (raising neurodivergent kids and/or being ND yourself), strategies for time management, procrastination and routines, emotion regulation strategies, values...the list goes on!
(07) 4515 2398 View (07) 4515 2398
Photo of Natasha Kasselis, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Natasha Kasselis
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
3 Endorsed
Lismore, NSW 2480
I provide a trauma sensitive and collaborative approach in my work as a holistic psychologist and EMDR therapist. Knowing that everyone is unique, I prioritise deep, responsive listening, adaptive exploration and creating a safe space for you to speak your innermost thoughts and honour all parts of yourself. Most people experience significant improvements in emotional well-being within just a few sessions.
I provide a trauma sensitive and collaborative approach in my work as a holistic psychologist and EMDR therapist. Knowing that everyone is unique, I prioritise deep, responsive listening, adaptive exploration and creating a safe space for you to speak your innermost thoughts and honour all parts of yourself. Most people experience significant improvements in emotional well-being within just a few sessions.
(02) 5604 9619 View (02) 5604 9619
Photo of Elaine Pollen, MA, MAPS, Psychologist
Elaine Pollen
Psychologist, MA, MAPS
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480  (Online Only)
Elaine is a caring and compassionate Psychologist with a depth of experience treating a range of difficulties including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), childhood sexual abuse, complex trauma, grief and loss, separated parenting, relationship conflict, adjustment issues, and self-esteem difficulties. Elaine believes that everyone has the innate capacity to heal themselves and she sees her role as working together with clients to help them find their equilibrium/balance, reconnect them to their strengths and their capacity to create a stronger sense of self and wellbeing in their lives.
Elaine is a caring and compassionate Psychologist with a depth of experience treating a range of difficulties including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), childhood sexual abuse, complex trauma, grief and loss, separated parenting, relationship conflict, adjustment issues, and self-esteem difficulties. Elaine believes that everyone has the innate capacity to heal themselves and she sees her role as working together with clients to help them find their equilibrium/balance, reconnect them to their strengths and their capacity to create a stronger sense of self and wellbeing in their lives.
(02) 5602 4036 View (02) 5602 4036
Photo of Emma Pellandine - The Wellbeing Place Integrative Sand Therapy, Psychotherapist
The Wellbeing Place Integrative Sand Therapy
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480
Sandtray therapy is for all individuals aged 3 through to adulthood. It is for clients who have experienced/are experiencing trauma, loss, anxiety, depression, behavioural and emotional difficulties, neurodivergent individuals and/or speech/communication issues. Sandtray therapy is a whole brain expressive form of psychotherapy/counselling, led by the individual. Clients learn to explore and process their internal feelings, emotions trauma and grief when they build ‘sand worlds’ (placing and arranging objects, symbols and miniatures in a tray of sand).
Sandtray therapy is for all individuals aged 3 through to adulthood. It is for clients who have experienced/are experiencing trauma, loss, anxiety, depression, behavioural and emotional difficulties, neurodivergent individuals and/or speech/communication issues. Sandtray therapy is a whole brain expressive form of psychotherapy/counselling, led by the individual. Clients learn to explore and process their internal feelings, emotions trauma and grief when they build ‘sand worlds’ (placing and arranging objects, symbols and miniatures in a tray of sand).
(02) 5604 4260 View (02) 5604 4260
Photo of Nathaniel John de Heer - NDH Psychology, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
NDH Psychology
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Lismore, NSW 2480
As a generally registered psychologist with a Masters in Health psychology, I have over seven years of experience in providing evidence based psychological services in private practice, hospitals and university settings. I emphasise openness, warmth and flexibility in my approach, providing a platform for clients to gain clarity and take steps towards the parts of life which bring more meaning, fulfilment and wellbeing.
As a generally registered psychologist with a Masters in Health psychology, I have over seven years of experience in providing evidence based psychological services in private practice, hospitals and university settings. I emphasise openness, warmth and flexibility in my approach, providing a platform for clients to gain clarity and take steps towards the parts of life which bring more meaning, fulfilment and wellbeing.
(02) 5604 6701 View (02) 5604 6701
Photo of Annie Monks, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Annie Monks
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Lismore, NSW 2480
As the co-founder of Healing Studio, a dedicated mental health and relationship clinic in Lismore and online, I understand the struggles that can impede living a fulfilled life. If you're caught in a cycle of anxiety, stress, depression, emotional regulation issues, body image concerns, or relationship challenges, I can help. With my qualifications as a Mental Health Social Worker, I offer effective counselling and psychological strategies to help you overcome these barriers and achieve the life you’ve always envisioned. I offer various funding options, including NDIS, Mental Health Care Plan (Medicare), Private Health Insurance.
As the co-founder of Healing Studio, a dedicated mental health and relationship clinic in Lismore and online, I understand the struggles that can impede living a fulfilled life. If you're caught in a cycle of anxiety, stress, depression, emotional regulation issues, body image concerns, or relationship challenges, I can help. With my qualifications as a Mental Health Social Worker, I offer effective counselling and psychological strategies to help you overcome these barriers and achieve the life you’ve always envisioned. I offer various funding options, including NDIS, Mental Health Care Plan (Medicare), Private Health Insurance.
(02) 5604 0426 View (02) 5604 0426
Photo of Sabrina David, MA, Psychotherapist
Sabrina David
Psychotherapist, MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Lismore, NSW 2480
I became an Art Therapist because I was wanted to create a space for people to share their stories and process their experience, particularly for those who perhaps didn't resonate with conventional 'talk therapy.' I've found that through the process of making art, we can learn more about ourselves, express thoughts or feelings that might be difficult to verbalise, experience a sense of play and curiosity, and achieve real insight.
I became an Art Therapist because I was wanted to create a space for people to share their stories and process their experience, particularly for those who perhaps didn't resonate with conventional 'talk therapy.' I've found that through the process of making art, we can learn more about ourselves, express thoughts or feelings that might be difficult to verbalise, experience a sense of play and curiosity, and achieve real insight.
(02) 5605 0981 View (02) 5605 0981

See more therapy options for Federal

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Federal, NSW

< 10

Counsellors in Federal, NSW who prioritize treating:

100% Anxiety
100% Parenting
100% Stress
75% Relationship Issues
75% Trauma and PTSD
75% Family Conflict
75% Self Esteem

Average years in practice

2 Years

Gender breakdown

100% Female

How Counsellors in Federal, NSW see their clients

100% In Person and Online
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Federal?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.