Counselling in Ballina, NSW
![Photo of Lucy Frankham, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d98c1107-1d2d-4c21-9d93-35abce73f740/1/320x400.jpeg)
My passion is supporting parents through all facets of the perinatal period from pre-conception all the way through to early parenting. I have a particular interest in support women with birth trauma - both healing from a traumatic birth and preparing for another birth. In addition, I enjoy supporting people to overcome trauma and other concerns using EMDR and ego-state approaches.
My passion is supporting parents through all facets of the perinatal period from pre-conception all the way through to early parenting. I have a particular interest in support women with birth trauma - both healing from a traumatic birth and preparing for another birth. In addition, I enjoy supporting people to overcome trauma and other concerns using EMDR and ego-state approaches.
![Photo of Jennifer Cameron, ACA-L2, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ade16c15-2140-46e1-a296-68d33a840f31/2/320x400.jpeg)
Are you looking for help with anxiety? Or do you have chronic health issues and are looking for support that is caring and helpful? Are you wanting to work with a therapist who has training and skills to support you outshine your current state, embrace your life, whatever it's stage, and access your personal strength? I offer psychotherapy, counselling and coaching, I would love to support you through a deep process of healing and growth. My 1 hour sessions are held: from my peaceful counselling room in Ballina; online or by telephone; or on a beautiful beach or river walk in gorgeous Ballina, NSW
Are you looking for help with anxiety? Or do you have chronic health issues and are looking for support that is caring and helpful? Are you wanting to work with a therapist who has training and skills to support you outshine your current state, embrace your life, whatever it's stage, and access your personal strength? I offer psychotherapy, counselling and coaching, I would love to support you through a deep process of healing and growth. My 1 hour sessions are held: from my peaceful counselling room in Ballina; online or by telephone; or on a beautiful beach or river walk in gorgeous Ballina, NSW
![Photo of Mandy Jay - MJ Art Therapy, Byron Bay, NSW, AThR, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/28fea0eb-e910-4342-ad3d-ef459f2683c0/1/320x400.jpeg)
I have a Masters Degree in Mental Health - specialising in Art Therapy. I am a registered Art Therapist and registered Counsellor. I am a registered Victims of Crime counsellor, so people who are eligible can get 22 free sessions with me. NDIS and private health funds also provide reimbursement for your sessions with me. I have done extra training in Art Therapy interventions used to address trauma, PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have worked with people of all ages, all diagnoses. I like to help people who have experienced trauma using sensorimotor art therapy. You can read more about this on my website www.mjarttherapy.com.au
I have a Masters Degree in Mental Health - specialising in Art Therapy. I am a registered Art Therapist and registered Counsellor. I am a registered Victims of Crime counsellor, so people who are eligible can get 22 free sessions with me. NDIS and private health funds also provide reimbursement for your sessions with me. I have done extra training in Art Therapy interventions used to address trauma, PTSD, anxiety and depression. I have worked with people of all ages, all diagnoses. I like to help people who have experienced trauma using sensorimotor art therapy. You can read more about this on my website www.mjarttherapy.com.au
![Photo of Elaine Pollen, MA, MAPS, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e8f67f65-eb93-4714-bd5a-81747f2f2984/1/320x400.jpeg)
Elaine is a caring and compassionate Psychologist with a depth of experience treating a range of difficulties including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), childhood sexual abuse, complex trauma, grief and loss, separated parenting, relationship conflict, adjustment issues, and self-esteem difficulties. Elaine believes that everyone has the innate capacity to heal themselves and she sees her role as working together with clients to help them find their equilibrium/balance, reconnect them to their strengths and their capacity to create a stronger sense of self and wellbeing in their lives.
Elaine is a caring and compassionate Psychologist with a depth of experience treating a range of difficulties including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), childhood sexual abuse, complex trauma, grief and loss, separated parenting, relationship conflict, adjustment issues, and self-esteem difficulties. Elaine believes that everyone has the innate capacity to heal themselves and she sees her role as working together with clients to help them find their equilibrium/balance, reconnect them to their strengths and their capacity to create a stronger sense of self and wellbeing in their lives.
![Photo of Giovanna Dalle Rive Carli, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f3a7dda5-d93d-4be0-89d9-30a07aafa8c5/1/320x400.jpeg)
I deeply believes in people’s innate ability to overcome their difficulties and heal. I am genuinely dedicated to supporting clients to reach their potential and live a truly fulfilling life by addressing the underlying issues and obstacles that prevent them from moving forward. I bring genuine care, warmth, and a supportive environment for clients to express their concerns.
I deeply believes in people’s innate ability to overcome their difficulties and heal. I am genuinely dedicated to supporting clients to reach their potential and live a truly fulfilling life by addressing the underlying issues and obstacles that prevent them from moving forward. I bring genuine care, warmth, and a supportive environment for clients to express their concerns.
![Photo of Thea Keane, ACA-L4, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/1e1bc016-d548-46b3-bdbc-037e49fd743d/1/320x400.jpeg)
Over the past 27 years I have worked with individuals from all walks of life, supporting them in their journeys including anxiety, depression, stress, and a variety of other concerns. I have worked with couples and families for a similar length of time, and am passionate about supporting individuals in the various relationships in their life in whatever capacity they need. As someone with a lived experience of Disability, namely Cerebral Palsy, I am passionate about supporting individuals with disabilities, and those who support them, such as parents of children with a disability diagnosis, adolescents & adults with disabilities.
Over the past 27 years I have worked with individuals from all walks of life, supporting them in their journeys including anxiety, depression, stress, and a variety of other concerns. I have worked with couples and families for a similar length of time, and am passionate about supporting individuals in the various relationships in their life in whatever capacity they need. As someone with a lived experience of Disability, namely Cerebral Palsy, I am passionate about supporting individuals with disabilities, and those who support them, such as parents of children with a disability diagnosis, adolescents & adults with disabilities.
![Photo of Ash van Rensburg - Pleasant View Psychology, PsyBA General, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/690dfb3e-d153-4e6a-8489-e222c30f7d54/1/320x400.jpeg)
Hi, I'm Ash. Are you feeling overwhelmed, unsure, scared or dissatisfied with life? Let me help. By working and journeying together, you will have support as you learn to embrace who you are, what you need, and where you are heading.
Hi, I'm Ash. Are you feeling overwhelmed, unsure, scared or dissatisfied with life? Let me help. By working and journeying together, you will have support as you learn to embrace who you are, what you need, and where you are heading.
![Photo of Sabrina David, MA, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/e9312f83-8cf8-4ea8-9d6d-facdd960668b/2/320x400.jpeg)
I became an Art Therapist because I was wanted to create a space for people to share their stories and process their experience, particularly for those who perhaps didn't resonate with conventional 'talk therapy.' I've found that through the process of making art, we can learn more about ourselves, express thoughts or feelings that might be difficult to verbalise, experience a sense of play and curiosity, and achieve real insight.
I became an Art Therapist because I was wanted to create a space for people to share their stories and process their experience, particularly for those who perhaps didn't resonate with conventional 'talk therapy.' I've found that through the process of making art, we can learn more about ourselves, express thoughts or feelings that might be difficult to verbalise, experience a sense of play and curiosity, and achieve real insight.
![Photo of Lisa Toman, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/8c62efdd-9310-430c-aab2-2ce7d7d826fa/3/320x400.jpeg)
I'm here to guide your personal growth journey. Like seeds, humans thrive in nurturing environments. I explore life's interconnectedness, enriching our well-being. Challenges are opportunities for transformation. Over the years, I've had the privilege of assisting numerous individuals in turning these challenges into sources of vitality, passion and fulfilment. Every challenge uncovers hidden potential. We'll delve deep, uncovering root causes for lasting healing and growth, allowing you to flourish authentically.
I'm here to guide your personal growth journey. Like seeds, humans thrive in nurturing environments. I explore life's interconnectedness, enriching our well-being. Challenges are opportunities for transformation. Over the years, I've had the privilege of assisting numerous individuals in turning these challenges into sources of vitality, passion and fulfilment. Every challenge uncovers hidden potential. We'll delve deep, uncovering root causes for lasting healing and growth, allowing you to flourish authentically.
![Photo of Dr Renee Cachia, PhD, MAPS, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/11a04b9a-7aac-4c34-b148-7766bcde11d8/2/320x400.png)
Dr Renee is an experienced psychologist, board-approved supervisor, and the founder of Inner Child, Adolescent and Family Psychology Practice. She brings compassion and a wealth of expertise to her work having completed 4 degrees, including Masters & PhD at Monash University and has been cited in over 500 published peer-reviewed journal articles. Dr Renee is a mother and takes a relatable, non-judgemental approaching to working with children, adolescents and parents with clinical experience across a broad range of clinical presentations: anxiety, depression, neurodiversity (ASD, ADHD etc.), stress, trauma and more.
Dr Renee is an experienced psychologist, board-approved supervisor, and the founder of Inner Child, Adolescent and Family Psychology Practice. She brings compassion and a wealth of expertise to her work having completed 4 degrees, including Masters & PhD at Monash University and has been cited in over 500 published peer-reviewed journal articles. Dr Renee is a mother and takes a relatable, non-judgemental approaching to working with children, adolescents and parents with clinical experience across a broad range of clinical presentations: anxiety, depression, neurodiversity (ASD, ADHD etc.), stress, trauma and more.
![Photo of Andi Saunders, ACA-L1, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/ff1ce12d-d4bf-473e-8014-9203964ffe7b/1/320x400.jpeg)
My clients encompass a diverse group. They often struggle with substance and behavioural addictions, trauma, attachment issues and co-dependency. They may be facing the challenges of aging or are a part of the farming community. Their common needs include navigating life transitions, reducing harmful habits, fostering healthy relationships and boundaries, boosting self-esteem and finding relational and social support. Ultimately, they desire to move from mere survival to seeking a fulfilling and balanced life.
My clients encompass a diverse group. They often struggle with substance and behavioural addictions, trauma, attachment issues and co-dependency. They may be facing the challenges of aging or are a part of the farming community. Their common needs include navigating life transitions, reducing harmful habits, fostering healthy relationships and boundaries, boosting self-esteem and finding relational and social support. Ultimately, they desire to move from mere survival to seeking a fulfilling and balanced life.
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![Photo of Annie Monks, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/83b20413-b5a4-46ac-8149-fc2527fec8e5/2/320x400.jpeg)
As the co-founder of Healing Studio, a dedicated mental health and relationship clinic in Lismore and online, I understand the struggles that can impede living a fulfilled life. If you're caught in a cycle of anxiety, stress, depression, emotional regulation issues, body image concerns, or relationship challenges, I can help. With my qualifications as a Mental Health Social Worker, I offer effective counselling and psychological strategies to help you overcome these barriers and achieve the life you’ve always envisioned. I offer various funding options, including NDIS, Mental Health Care Plan (Medicare), Private Health Insurance.
As the co-founder of Healing Studio, a dedicated mental health and relationship clinic in Lismore and online, I understand the struggles that can impede living a fulfilled life. If you're caught in a cycle of anxiety, stress, depression, emotional regulation issues, body image concerns, or relationship challenges, I can help. With my qualifications as a Mental Health Social Worker, I offer effective counselling and psychological strategies to help you overcome these barriers and achieve the life you’ve always envisioned. I offer various funding options, including NDIS, Mental Health Care Plan (Medicare), Private Health Insurance.
![Photo of Will Heaton, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d4a50186-a4f7-4f8f-b97c-b0dec203c23e/1/320x400.jpeg)
Will is a warm and compassionate psychologist who enjoys working with clients seeking to better understand themselves and create a rich, full and meaningful life. He provides a non-judgemental, compassionate and collaborative approach to treatment. Will works with a broad range of clients with diverse backgrounds and clinical presentations.
Will is a warm and compassionate psychologist who enjoys working with clients seeking to better understand themselves and create a rich, full and meaningful life. He provides a non-judgemental, compassionate and collaborative approach to treatment. Will works with a broad range of clients with diverse backgrounds and clinical presentations.
![Photo of Caston Smith, PsyBA General, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/515256e4-677a-47e0-8468-efce4e87063f/2/320x400.jpeg)
I am an English born, Australian qualified psychologist who is trained to help people of all ages with their mental and emotional challenges.
I am an English born, Australian qualified psychologist who is trained to help people of all ages with their mental and emotional challenges.
![Photo of Jeannette Singer, ACA-L1, Counsellor](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/f63d7c32-d040-4158-bdad-09eac7983495/1/320x400.jpeg)
I've offered Counselling & Wellness Coaching for individuals, couples, families & kids for over 20 years. Most of my clients have hit a wall, are sick & tired of feeling sick & tired, or are doing well and are ready for more. They want to connect more deeply to themselves & others & to express more authentically. They want to be liberated from their hurts, fears & unwanted behaviours. They want change on all levels - personal, relationship, professional & spiritual. In sessions with me - we jump off the merry-go-round together to explore fresh perspectives & new, wiser, healthier and more loving ways of being, living & relating.
I've offered Counselling & Wellness Coaching for individuals, couples, families & kids for over 20 years. Most of my clients have hit a wall, are sick & tired of feeling sick & tired, or are doing well and are ready for more. They want to connect more deeply to themselves & others & to express more authentically. They want to be liberated from their hurts, fears & unwanted behaviours. They want change on all levels - personal, relationship, professional & spiritual. In sessions with me - we jump off the merry-go-round together to explore fresh perspectives & new, wiser, healthier and more loving ways of being, living & relating.
![Photo of Skye Gannon, MA, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/d36ac85f-e1ba-4cbf-a7e2-f8d8853db7c9/1/320x400.jpeg)
Byron Bay Play Therapy is a mental health service offering support to children and families experiencing emotional, relational and behavioural challenges. Principle play therapist Skye Gannon is a certified Synergetic Play Therapist & Accredited Social Worker (AASW) with postgraduate qualifications in psychology, play therapy and the arts.
Byron Bay Play Therapy is a mental health service offering support to children and families experiencing emotional, relational and behavioural challenges. Principle play therapist Skye Gannon is a certified Synergetic Play Therapist & Accredited Social Worker (AASW) with postgraduate qualifications in psychology, play therapy and the arts.
![Photo of Nathaniel John de Heer - NDH Psychology, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/a3f031d1-3544-40bc-b295-c839ff35e2e3/2/320x400.jpeg)
As a generally registered psychologist with a Masters in Health psychology, I have over seven years of experience in providing evidence based psychological services in private practice, hospitals and university settings. I emphasise openness, warmth and flexibility in my approach, providing a platform for clients to gain clarity and take steps towards the parts of life which bring more meaning, fulfilment and wellbeing.
As a generally registered psychologist with a Masters in Health psychology, I have over seven years of experience in providing evidence based psychological services in private practice, hospitals and university settings. I emphasise openness, warmth and flexibility in my approach, providing a platform for clients to gain clarity and take steps towards the parts of life which bring more meaning, fulfilment and wellbeing.
![Photo of Martine Baglin, PACFA, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/fd30defc-6938-4e17-baff-b73ab15d2abc/2/320x400.png)
I provide a safe, supportive and nurturing space, and the sessions are tailored to address your personal life issues, needs and goals. As a Body Orientated Trauma informed Gestalt Therapist, and Senior Journey Practitioner, I enjoy assisting individuals on their unique journey to Wellness. The Therapy sessions are focused in the 'here and now' experience which holds our entire and unique history.
I provide a safe, supportive and nurturing space, and the sessions are tailored to address your personal life issues, needs and goals. As a Body Orientated Trauma informed Gestalt Therapist, and Senior Journey Practitioner, I enjoy assisting individuals on their unique journey to Wellness. The Therapy sessions are focused in the 'here and now' experience which holds our entire and unique history.
![Photo of Phoebe Allwell, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/50871214-46cd-11ea-a6ad-06142c356176/3/320x400.jpeg)
The Embodied Presence Process Integrates Psychotherapy, Counselling and Energy Medicine. This is a unique integrative approach that unleashes rapid personal transformation and embodiment. The Embodied Presence Process was developed by psychotherapist and energy medicine practitioner Phoebe Allwell, a true integration of established clinical practices, energy medicine and ancient spiritual teachings. The Embodied Presence Process will support you to rapidly release anything that blocks or limits you being the fullest expression of your true self. Call or email Phoebe now to book a complimentary 20min consultation.
The Embodied Presence Process Integrates Psychotherapy, Counselling and Energy Medicine. This is a unique integrative approach that unleashes rapid personal transformation and embodiment. The Embodied Presence Process was developed by psychotherapist and energy medicine practitioner Phoebe Allwell, a true integration of established clinical practices, energy medicine and ancient spiritual teachings. The Embodied Presence Process will support you to rapidly release anything that blocks or limits you being the fullest expression of your true self. Call or email Phoebe now to book a complimentary 20min consultation.
![Photo of Suzy Gavey, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist](https://photos.psychologytoday.com/62c8ef86-07e8-4963-8451-fc18330bc3e8/3/320x400.jpeg)
IFS & trauma informed counselling. I am an advocate for embracing diversity within the human experience. Through Gestalt methodology, I supports individuals to inhabit themselves more fully by building personal awareness and by acting as their anchor for them where things may feel a bit rocky. There is no pressure to fix anything or even have a final destination.
IFS & trauma informed counselling. I am an advocate for embracing diversity within the human experience. Through Gestalt methodology, I supports individuals to inhabit themselves more fully by building personal awareness and by acting as their anchor for them where things may feel a bit rocky. There is no pressure to fix anything or even have a final destination.
See more therapy options for Ballina
How does your Counsellor compare?
Number of Counsellors in Ballina, NSW
30+
Average cost per session
$150
Counsellors in Ballina, NSW who prioritize treating:
88% | Anxiety |
79% | Depression |
76% | Self Esteem |
70% | Trauma and PTSD |
67% | Relationship Issues |
64% | Stress |
58% | Coping Skills |
Average years in practice
11 Years
Top 3 insurances accepted
54% | Medicare Rebates |
46% | NDIS |
23% | Other |
How Counsellors in Ballina, NSW see their clients
97% | In Person and Online | |
3% | Online Only |
Gender breakdown
78% | Female | |
22% | Male |
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling
How can I find a therapist in Ballina?
Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Learn more about how to find a therapist
Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?
Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.
What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?
Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.
Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.
Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.
What type of therapy is right for me?
The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.
How much does therapy cost?
The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.
What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?
Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.
If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.
If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.
Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?
Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.
Is online therapy a good option?
Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.
Are therapy sessions confidential?
Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.