Counselling in Subiaco, WA

Photo of Elaine Cumber, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Elaine Cumber
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
I am a Clinical Psychologist with 18+ years of experience working in mental health settings. I have a specialist interest in working with complex trauma as well as issues presenting in pregnancy and the postpartum (including perinatal depression, anxiety, fear of childbirth, birth trauma, perinatal loss/grief and issues relating to attachment/bonding and adjustment to parenthood).
I am a Clinical Psychologist with 18+ years of experience working in mental health settings. I have a specialist interest in working with complex trauma as well as issues presenting in pregnancy and the postpartum (including perinatal depression, anxiety, fear of childbirth, birth trauma, perinatal loss/grief and issues relating to attachment/bonding and adjustment to parenthood).
(08) 6493 7890 View (08) 6493 7890
Photo of Bronwyn Gorringe, MSc, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Bronwyn Gorringe
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSc, AASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Subiaco, WA 6008
Hello, I’m Bronwyn Gorringe, and I feel privileged to be able to sit with clients as they share their stories with me. With a Bachelor of Social Work, Graduate Certificate in Gestalt Therapy, and a Master in Sexology, I bring a rich blend of knowledge and experience to my practice. My approach is sex-positive, trauma-informed, relational and person-centred providing a supportive environment where clients can explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences with greater self-awareness and compassion. I hope to help people cultivate nourishing relationships with themselves and each other and embrace flexibility in life.
Hello, I’m Bronwyn Gorringe, and I feel privileged to be able to sit with clients as they share their stories with me. With a Bachelor of Social Work, Graduate Certificate in Gestalt Therapy, and a Master in Sexology, I bring a rich blend of knowledge and experience to my practice. My approach is sex-positive, trauma-informed, relational and person-centred providing a supportive environment where clients can explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences with greater self-awareness and compassion. I hope to help people cultivate nourishing relationships with themselves and each other and embrace flexibility in life.
(08) 6493 7104 View (08) 6493 7104
Photo of Kylie Mathieson, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Kylie Mathieson
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Kylie is well known for her holistic, down-to-earth and non-judgemental style. She has worked with clients across the developmental spectrum, using evidence-based approaches to support those impacted by anxiety, depression, mood fluctuations, autism, and ADHD. She also enjoys supporting the LGBTQIA+ community. Kylie has particular interests in helping individuals navigate difficult life transitions, adapt following diagnosis/illness, manage professional pressures; improve performance, and embed healthy lifestyle habits (e.g. movement, mindful awareness, sleep). Kylie has further qualifications in fitness and executive coaching.
Kylie is well known for her holistic, down-to-earth and non-judgemental style. She has worked with clients across the developmental spectrum, using evidence-based approaches to support those impacted by anxiety, depression, mood fluctuations, autism, and ADHD. She also enjoys supporting the LGBTQIA+ community. Kylie has particular interests in helping individuals navigate difficult life transitions, adapt following diagnosis/illness, manage professional pressures; improve performance, and embed healthy lifestyle habits (e.g. movement, mindful awareness, sleep). Kylie has further qualifications in fitness and executive coaching.
(08) 6556 9594 View (08) 6556 9594
Photo of Roberta Scutellaro, MPsych
Roberta Scutellaro
MPsych
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Subiaco, WA 6008
Hi, I'm Roberta and I have been calling Australia 'home' for a few years. With both a Bachelor and a Master’s degree in Psychology, as well as an ongoing Graduate Diploma in Relationship Counselling, I bring a wealth of experience working with diverse populations. My professional journey has allowed me to work extensively with young children, adults facing various mental health and life challenges, women recovering from intimate partner violence, and couples seeking to improve their relationships. I strongly believe in the resilience of the human spirit and that understanding what has happened to us is the key to transformation.
Hi, I'm Roberta and I have been calling Australia 'home' for a few years. With both a Bachelor and a Master’s degree in Psychology, as well as an ongoing Graduate Diploma in Relationship Counselling, I bring a wealth of experience working with diverse populations. My professional journey has allowed me to work extensively with young children, adults facing various mental health and life challenges, women recovering from intimate partner violence, and couples seeking to improve their relationships. I strongly believe in the resilience of the human spirit and that understanding what has happened to us is the key to transformation.
(08) 6490 9338 View (08) 6490 9338
Photo of Karen Jones, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Karen Jones
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
I am passionate and dedicated to helping you be the best version of yourself. I work with children, adolescents and adults. Allow me to guide and navigate you through overcoming challenges and building on your strengths you weren't aware existed!
I am passionate and dedicated to helping you be the best version of yourself. I work with children, adolescents and adults. Allow me to guide and navigate you through overcoming challenges and building on your strengths you weren't aware existed!
(08) 6493 7810 View (08) 6493 7810
Photo of Angela Jennifer Caterham, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Angela Jennifer Caterham
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Angela has experience in a broad range of mental health difficulties including; anxiety, depression and trauma related conditions. She works with young children from age 5 through to adults across the lifespan and is also passionate about mid to older adults becoming unstuck and finding their purpose. She has worked in the private sector and also in the disability field. She has a master’s in Clinical Neuropsychology and has a particular interest in biology, incorporating lifestyle measures that enhance people's health, by motivating and coaching clients with lifestyle changes that are evidence-based, and improve the psychological
Angela has experience in a broad range of mental health difficulties including; anxiety, depression and trauma related conditions. She works with young children from age 5 through to adults across the lifespan and is also passionate about mid to older adults becoming unstuck and finding their purpose. She has worked in the private sector and also in the disability field. She has a master’s in Clinical Neuropsychology and has a particular interest in biology, incorporating lifestyle measures that enhance people's health, by motivating and coaching clients with lifestyle changes that are evidence-based, and improve the psychological
(08) 6490 9068 View (08) 6490 9068
Photo of Helen Brittan - Nurturing Growth-Counselling, Psychotherapy, EMDR, MA, PACFA, Counsellor
Nurturing Growth-Counselling, Psychotherapy, EMDR
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
We all face challenges that can leave us feeling anxious, sad, angry or depressed, disrupting our home, work & relationships. Chronic negative feelings can lead to overwhelm. Empathic support will help you make sense of your situation, manage difficult feelings & embark on your journey to freedom. With over 11 years of experience, I can support you to navigate and heal from these disruptions. My focus is on empowering women through life transitions such as pregnancy and parenting, healing from trauma & grief and rebuilding self-worth. Specialising in trauma recovery including PTSD, I use tailored strategies like EMDR therapy.
We all face challenges that can leave us feeling anxious, sad, angry or depressed, disrupting our home, work & relationships. Chronic negative feelings can lead to overwhelm. Empathic support will help you make sense of your situation, manage difficult feelings & embark on your journey to freedom. With over 11 years of experience, I can support you to navigate and heal from these disruptions. My focus is on empowering women through life transitions such as pregnancy and parenting, healing from trauma & grief and rebuilding self-worth. Specialising in trauma recovery including PTSD, I use tailored strategies like EMDR therapy.
(08) 6493 7950 View (08) 6493 7950
Photo of Dr Amanda Chng, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Amanda Chng
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Life can throw many difficult and challenging experiences at us all. In my practice, I am passionate about helping clients who have experienced traumatic events, complex histories, life transitions and adjustments, complex pain, and major health and medical challenges. Building ways of coping, learning strategies for dealing with life when it gets overwhelming, healing wounds from traumatic past events and finding positive ways of moving forward through the use of evidence based treatment techniques is my focus as a therapist.
Life can throw many difficult and challenging experiences at us all. In my practice, I am passionate about helping clients who have experienced traumatic events, complex histories, life transitions and adjustments, complex pain, and major health and medical challenges. Building ways of coping, learning strategies for dealing with life when it gets overwhelming, healing wounds from traumatic past events and finding positive ways of moving forward through the use of evidence based treatment techniques is my focus as a therapist.
(08) 6490 9074 View (08) 6490 9074
Photo of Tarryn Lara Scher, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Tarryn Lara Scher
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
At Exploring Minds Psychology we are passionate about providing services to support children, adolescents (and their families), and adults under 30 years of age.
At Exploring Minds Psychology we are passionate about providing services to support children, adolescents (and their families), and adults under 30 years of age.
(08) 6493 7795 View (08) 6493 7795
Photo of Matthew Bruce Herbert - Dr Matthew Herbert, Clinical Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Matthew Herbert, Clinical Psychologist
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
I enjoy working with clients to explore the ways that their past is impacting on their present. I want to empower clients to get their emotional needs met.
I enjoy working with clients to explore the ways that their past is impacting on their present. I want to empower clients to get their emotional needs met.
(08) 6490 9603 View (08) 6490 9603
Photo of Mindy Simpson, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Mindy Simpson
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Do you feel like you are not living the life you imagined, feeling overwhelmed, struggling with day to day stressors and not even close to reaching your potential? Do you suffer from anxiety and negative thinking patterns which take you away from the life you want to lead? Do you feel like there's something holding you back from performing at your best? Imagine you could wake up and you had learnt to live with your fear, anxiety, stress and life's struggles and they weren't holding you back anymore and you were able to thrive. Wouldn't that be great!
Do you feel like you are not living the life you imagined, feeling overwhelmed, struggling with day to day stressors and not even close to reaching your potential? Do you suffer from anxiety and negative thinking patterns which take you away from the life you want to lead? Do you feel like there's something holding you back from performing at your best? Imagine you could wake up and you had learnt to live with your fear, anxiety, stress and life's struggles and they weren't holding you back anymore and you were able to thrive. Wouldn't that be great!
(08) 7079 5665 View (08) 7079 5665
Photo of Mauro Daviddi, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Mauro Daviddi
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Subiaco, WA 6008
Hi, I'm Mauro, a passionate Relationship Counsellor with a Diploma in Counselling and trained in Gottman Couple Method and 4 years as Relationship Coach. My professional journey has allowed me to work extensively with couples looking to enhance their relationships, singles seeking new connections and self-understanding, and individuals navigating life after separation or divorce. I strongly believe that understanding our past experiences is key to transformation and essential for personal growth, helping us achieve our goals and desires in life.
Hi, I'm Mauro, a passionate Relationship Counsellor with a Diploma in Counselling and trained in Gottman Couple Method and 4 years as Relationship Coach. My professional journey has allowed me to work extensively with couples looking to enhance their relationships, singles seeking new connections and self-understanding, and individuals navigating life after separation or divorce. I strongly believe that understanding our past experiences is key to transformation and essential for personal growth, helping us achieve our goals and desires in life.
(08) 6490 9470 View (08) 6490 9470
Photo of Eimear Quigley, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Eimear Quigley
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Waitlist for new clients
My life purpose is to decrease human suffering. As a clinical psychologist, I believe that human connection is the antidote to human suffering and I use a person-centred humanistic approach with clients to build a connected therapeutic relationship that supports healing and growth.
My life purpose is to decrease human suffering. As a clinical psychologist, I believe that human connection is the antidote to human suffering and I use a person-centred humanistic approach with clients to build a connected therapeutic relationship that supports healing and growth.
(08) 6493 7671 View (08) 6493 7671
Photo of Wendy Holdaway, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Wendy Holdaway
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Wendy feels privileged to work with adults and older adults to navigate disruption in psychological wellness and life transitions across domains such as relationships, parenthood, career, health, illness, loss and ageing, as well as difficult relationships with food and eating and childhood trauma. Drawing on over 20 years of experience in health care, Wendy has particular interest in health - related psychology including preparing, adjusting and rehabilitation from illness, injury, and surgical procedures and supporting clients living with chronic health conditions and those in caregiving roles.
Wendy feels privileged to work with adults and older adults to navigate disruption in psychological wellness and life transitions across domains such as relationships, parenthood, career, health, illness, loss and ageing, as well as difficult relationships with food and eating and childhood trauma. Drawing on over 20 years of experience in health care, Wendy has particular interest in health - related psychology including preparing, adjusting and rehabilitation from illness, injury, and surgical procedures and supporting clients living with chronic health conditions and those in caregiving roles.
(08) 6490 9405 View (08) 6490 9405
Photo of Rasangi Seneviratne, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Rasangi Seneviratne
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Waitlist for new clients
Rasangi (Ras) is a Clinical Psychologist providing psychological services to children, young people, and adults with complex mental health needs. Ras is passionate about client-driven care, and focuses on working collaboratively with clients to understand the connections with themselves, their emotions and with others. She is focused on creating a warm and nurturing space.
Rasangi (Ras) is a Clinical Psychologist providing psychological services to children, young people, and adults with complex mental health needs. Ras is passionate about client-driven care, and focuses on working collaboratively with clients to understand the connections with themselves, their emotions and with others. She is focused on creating a warm and nurturing space.
(08) 6490 9013 View (08) 6490 9013
Photo of Amber Zahra, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Amber Zahra
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Subiaco, WA 6008
Welcome and congratulations, you have taken the first step towards a better mental well-being. It is not easy to choose the right counsellor, with whom you are comfortable to share your life's significant events, I acknowledge. I am Amber, a registered counsellor with the Australian Counsellor's Association. I believe in respect, positive regard and genuine care for my clients privacy and confidentiality in Counselling. My ARHG provider number is: AC20476T
Welcome and congratulations, you have taken the first step towards a better mental well-being. It is not easy to choose the right counsellor, with whom you are comfortable to share your life's significant events, I acknowledge. I am Amber, a registered counsellor with the Australian Counsellor's Association. I believe in respect, positive regard and genuine care for my clients privacy and confidentiality in Counselling. My ARHG provider number is: AC20476T
(08) 6493 7200 View (08) 6493 7200
Photo of Wendy Street, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Wendy Street
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
I am a Clinical Psychologist with extensive experience working with young people and adults. I am an accredited Advanced Schema Therapist and EMDR practitioner, passionate about working with trauma and mental health. I have been a senior clinician at the Sexual Assault Resource Centre (SARC) for 14 years and have previously worked at the Centre for Clinical Interventions (CCI) and across adult mental health teams in the UK. I am a Board Approved supervisor with AHPRA, an accredited EMDR Consultant with the EMDR Association of Australia (EMDRAA) and a Schema Therapy Supervisor.
I am a Clinical Psychologist with extensive experience working with young people and adults. I am an accredited Advanced Schema Therapist and EMDR practitioner, passionate about working with trauma and mental health. I have been a senior clinician at the Sexual Assault Resource Centre (SARC) for 14 years and have previously worked at the Centre for Clinical Interventions (CCI) and across adult mental health teams in the UK. I am a Board Approved supervisor with AHPRA, an accredited EMDR Consultant with the EMDR Association of Australia (EMDRAA) and a Schema Therapy Supervisor.
(08) 6493 7470 View (08) 6493 7470
Photo of Chris Fountain, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Chris Fountain
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
I am a clinical psychologist who was born and raised in Perth, Western Australia. I have a considerable amount of experience working with trauma, adversity, PTSD and Complex PTSD within adult populations. I also have experience working with mood-related issues, anxiety-related issues, personality issues and relationship issues. I use an individualised and empathic approach to each of my clients to assist in not only resolving symptoms but attaining growth and movement in valued directions.
I am a clinical psychologist who was born and raised in Perth, Western Australia. I have a considerable amount of experience working with trauma, adversity, PTSD and Complex PTSD within adult populations. I also have experience working with mood-related issues, anxiety-related issues, personality issues and relationship issues. I use an individualised and empathic approach to each of my clients to assist in not only resolving symptoms but attaining growth and movement in valued directions.
(08) 6336 9992 View (08) 6336 9992
Photo of Sarah Ramunno, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Sarah Ramunno
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
I am a clinical psychologist with a special interest in working with adults experiencing difficulties with anxiety, perfectionism, self-esteem, assertiveness, PTSD, perinatal mental health, interpersonal and relationship difficulties. I am passionate about delivering best practice care to my clients and provide evidence-based treatments for a range of difficulties. I enjoy working with clients in developing skills and strategies to begin to change problematic patterns.
I am a clinical psychologist with a special interest in working with adults experiencing difficulties with anxiety, perfectionism, self-esteem, assertiveness, PTSD, perinatal mental health, interpersonal and relationship difficulties. I am passionate about delivering best practice care to my clients and provide evidence-based treatments for a range of difficulties. I enjoy working with clients in developing skills and strategies to begin to change problematic patterns.
(08) 6490 9815 View (08) 6490 9815
Photo of Catherine Christie - The Edge - Couples & Marriage Counselling, PsychD, ACA-L1, Counsellor
The Edge - Couples & Marriage Counselling
Counsellor, PsychD, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Subiaco, WA 6008
Hello, I'm Catherine, and I'm delighted to welcome you to The Edge. As a highly skilled and experienced couples counsellor and coach, my therapy style is solution-driven and dynamic, designed to provide you with real skills and tools for meaningful change. Together, we will explore key areas such as communication, conflict resolution, building trust,sex vs intimacy. Investing in your relationship is one of the smartest decisions a couple can make, offering lifelong returns and dividends. Join to collaborate on the world's softest sofa or lets work together online. Book now via the website link.
Hello, I'm Catherine, and I'm delighted to welcome you to The Edge. As a highly skilled and experienced couples counsellor and coach, my therapy style is solution-driven and dynamic, designed to provide you with real skills and tools for meaningful change. Together, we will explore key areas such as communication, conflict resolution, building trust,sex vs intimacy. Investing in your relationship is one of the smartest decisions a couple can make, offering lifelong returns and dividends. Join to collaborate on the world's softest sofa or lets work together online. Book now via the website link.
(08) 6493 7020 View (08) 6493 7020
1

See more therapy options for Subiaco

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Subiaco, WA

100+

Average cost per session

$210

Counsellors in Subiaco, WA who prioritize treating:

89% Anxiety
84% Depression
77% Relationship Issues
76% Self Esteem
76% Stress
64% Trauma and PTSD
58% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

75% Medicare Rebates
52% Bupa
47% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in Subiaco, WA see their clients

95% In Person and Online
5% Online Only

Gender breakdown

71% Female
28% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Subiaco?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.