Counselling in Melbourne, VIC

Photo of Shayne Horsman, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Shayne Horsman
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000  (Online Only)
I am a registered clinical psychologist. I partner with people from all walks and stages of life who are seeking psychological growth, and assistance to improve their mental health.
I am a registered clinical psychologist. I partner with people from all walks and stages of life who are seeking psychological growth, and assistance to improve their mental health.
(03) 7003 2059 View (03) 7003 2059
Photo of Charlotte Arnold, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Charlotte Arnold
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000
My approach to therapy is to create a reflective and non-judgemental space, in which I collaborate with my clients to make meaningful connections in terms of their life patterns and build insight into how these developed from early experiences. I like to use a warm and curious therapeutic style to gain an intimate understanding of them as a person and their life story. Throughout this process, I incorporate evidence-based practice to support clients in pursuit of their therapeutic goals in addition to deeper self-understanding.
My approach to therapy is to create a reflective and non-judgemental space, in which I collaborate with my clients to make meaningful connections in terms of their life patterns and build insight into how these developed from early experiences. I like to use a warm and curious therapeutic style to gain an intimate understanding of them as a person and their life story. Throughout this process, I incorporate evidence-based practice to support clients in pursuit of their therapeutic goals in addition to deeper self-understanding.
(03) 7003 2232 View (03) 7003 2232
Photo of Ess Binet, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Ess Binet
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000  (Online Only)
Hey, I'm stoked you've stopped by! I'm Ess, an introverted, dance obsessed, spiritual being who will drop an F-bomb in solidarity or celebration. I'm genuinely interested in learning about you and hearing your story. I'm excited for you, to be more YOU! Whether that's supporting you to: express yourself more fully, learn tools to practice self-acceptance, work through past experiences so you can embrace you now, unlearn and relearn behaviours so you can thrive... I have approx 10 years experience working in trauma/mental health, and enjoy working with folks curious about deeper self exploration + growth.
Hey, I'm stoked you've stopped by! I'm Ess, an introverted, dance obsessed, spiritual being who will drop an F-bomb in solidarity or celebration. I'm genuinely interested in learning about you and hearing your story. I'm excited for you, to be more YOU! Whether that's supporting you to: express yourself more fully, learn tools to practice self-acceptance, work through past experiences so you can embrace you now, unlearn and relearn behaviours so you can thrive... I have approx 10 years experience working in trauma/mental health, and enjoy working with folks curious about deeper self exploration + growth.
(02) 8074 5874 View (02) 8074 5874
Photo of Max von Sabler, PhD, FAPS, Psychologist
Max von Sabler
Psychologist, PhD, FAPS
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000
I work with a variety of people including those suffering depression and anxiety, PTSD and complex trauma, personality disorders including borderline personality disorder, as well as dissociative disorders and complex mood conditions. I also work frequently with OCD and sexual addictions/disorders. My approach is holistic and focused on identifying your needs and goals, and how we can best achieve these together. I am a clinical psychologist and focus strongly on the assessment process - I believe it's important to establish exactly what may be happening so that we are on the same page. Treatment is always tailored to the individual
I work with a variety of people including those suffering depression and anxiety, PTSD and complex trauma, personality disorders including borderline personality disorder, as well as dissociative disorders and complex mood conditions. I also work frequently with OCD and sexual addictions/disorders. My approach is holistic and focused on identifying your needs and goals, and how we can best achieve these together. I am a clinical psychologist and focus strongly on the assessment process - I believe it's important to establish exactly what may be happening so that we are on the same page. Treatment is always tailored to the individual
(03) 8797 2095 View (03) 8797 2095
Photo of Renaty Layton, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych., Psychologist
Renaty Layton
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Couns. Psych.
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3004  (Online Only)
I’m a Counselling Psychologist with 25 years experience holding Masters Degrees in Counselling Psych and Special Ed. Imagining my ideal client I see individuals/families seeking support for diverse challenges which may be manifesting as anxiety, depression, communication, eating disorders, low self-esteem or stress. Their needs are complex, reflecting their unique situations. Goals vary widely from anxiety management to enhancing parenting skills, however the underlying desire is to lead a more fulfilling life. Clients seek understanding and support as they navigate life's challenges, looking for tools and strategies to move forward
I’m a Counselling Psychologist with 25 years experience holding Masters Degrees in Counselling Psych and Special Ed. Imagining my ideal client I see individuals/families seeking support for diverse challenges which may be manifesting as anxiety, depression, communication, eating disorders, low self-esteem or stress. Their needs are complex, reflecting their unique situations. Goals vary widely from anxiety management to enhancing parenting skills, however the underlying desire is to lead a more fulfilling life. Clients seek understanding and support as they navigate life's challenges, looking for tools and strategies to move forward
(03) 7003 2354 View (03) 7003 2354
Photo of Dr Alexandra Petrik, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Dr Alexandra Petrik
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Melbourne, VIC 3000
My therapeutic style is highly collaborative, supportive, strength-focused, and motivational. I believe in creating a supportive and empowering space in which to arm clients with a strong individualised “tool kit” to help manage both everyday and long-term challenges. I offer a broad range of therapeutic modalities to suit the specific needs of the client. I have strong expertise in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Schema Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Strength-Based Therapy, Anger Management, and Mindfulness-Based Approaches.
My therapeutic style is highly collaborative, supportive, strength-focused, and motivational. I believe in creating a supportive and empowering space in which to arm clients with a strong individualised “tool kit” to help manage both everyday and long-term challenges. I offer a broad range of therapeutic modalities to suit the specific needs of the client. I have strong expertise in Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, Schema Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Strength-Based Therapy, Anger Management, and Mindfulness-Based Approaches.
(03) 7003 2878 View (03) 7003 2878
Photo of Jess Koh, MC, ACA-L3, Counsellor
Jess Koh
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Melbourne, VIC 3000  (Online Only)
If you’re navigating anxiety, depression, stress, self-esteem challenges, or if you are facing conflicts in personal, work or family life, Hi, I’m Jess. I deeply empathise with individuals from diverse cultures, seeking meaning through self-discovery and eager to live authentically yet feel stuck, alone, lost or overwhelmed. My approach is grounded in trauma-informed care, ensuring that our work together is both respectful and responsive to your unique experiences. We thrive in safe, affirming and growth focused spaces which I value and am dedicated to create with everyone, including those in LGBTQ+ and neurodivergent communities
If you’re navigating anxiety, depression, stress, self-esteem challenges, or if you are facing conflicts in personal, work or family life, Hi, I’m Jess. I deeply empathise with individuals from diverse cultures, seeking meaning through self-discovery and eager to live authentically yet feel stuck, alone, lost or overwhelmed. My approach is grounded in trauma-informed care, ensuring that our work together is both respectful and responsive to your unique experiences. We thrive in safe, affirming and growth focused spaces which I value and am dedicated to create with everyone, including those in LGBTQ+ and neurodivergent communities
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Photo of Julia Martz, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Julia Martz
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000  (Online Only)
Not accepting new clients
Julia operates via Telehealth only. Julia is a qualified Clinical Psychologist providing online therapy. She has many years of experience delivering evidence-based therapy to adults with various presenting difficulties. Julia believes in the strength of the therapeutic relationship and collaboration between client and therapist to create tailored support for each client. She brings a personable and authentic approach to supporting clients and aims to help clients make meaningful, long-lasting changes.
Julia operates via Telehealth only. Julia is a qualified Clinical Psychologist providing online therapy. She has many years of experience delivering evidence-based therapy to adults with various presenting difficulties. Julia believes in the strength of the therapeutic relationship and collaboration between client and therapist to create tailored support for each client. She brings a personable and authentic approach to supporting clients and aims to help clients make meaningful, long-lasting changes.
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Photo of Finn Nugent - Finn Nugent , MA, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Finn Nugent
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AASW
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3004
Finn works with couples, individuals and families, looking to create change and understand themselves and their relationships better. She is person-centred and emotion-focused, informed by an awareness of trauma, polyvagal theory and the nervous system, mindfulness, family-systems theories, attachment theory, Internal Family Systems therapy, social justice and intersectionality.
Finn works with couples, individuals and families, looking to create change and understand themselves and their relationships better. She is person-centred and emotion-focused, informed by an awareness of trauma, polyvagal theory and the nervous system, mindfulness, family-systems theories, attachment theory, Internal Family Systems therapy, social justice and intersectionality.
(03) 7003 2614 View (03) 7003 2614
Photo of Luisa Livingstone, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Luisa Livingstone
Psychologist, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000  (Online Only)
If you've been diagnosed with ADHD, or suspect you have it, you might be dealing with some struggles - problems at work or uni, conflict within your relationships, difficulty staying on track toward your goals. You might find it tough to keep track of time, remember things, see tasks through to completion, and juggle your responsibilities at work and at home. ADHD affects many facets of life and can feel overwhelming at times, especially if it's a new realisation for you.
If you've been diagnosed with ADHD, or suspect you have it, you might be dealing with some struggles - problems at work or uni, conflict within your relationships, difficulty staying on track toward your goals. You might find it tough to keep track of time, remember things, see tasks through to completion, and juggle your responsibilities at work and at home. ADHD affects many facets of life and can feel overwhelming at times, especially if it's a new realisation for you.
(03) 7003 2168 View (03) 7003 2168
Photo of Xuan Tan - Clinical Registrar - People Psychology, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Xuan Tan - Clinical Registrar - People Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Xuan (pronounced Shen) provides evidence-based and person-centred treatment with adolescents, adults, couples and families from diverse cultural, linguistic, and economic backgrounds. Xuan has multilingual skills and can deliver services in English or in Mandarin 说中文 She aims to provide a warm space where clients could form an in-depth understanding of themselves, to reflect on existing or past experiences, and to learn and grow at a pace that suits them.
Xuan (pronounced Shen) provides evidence-based and person-centred treatment with adolescents, adults, couples and families from diverse cultural, linguistic, and economic backgrounds. Xuan has multilingual skills and can deliver services in English or in Mandarin 说中文 She aims to provide a warm space where clients could form an in-depth understanding of themselves, to reflect on existing or past experiences, and to learn and grow at a pace that suits them.
(03) 7003 2350 View (03) 7003 2350
Photo of David Eckel, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
David Eckel
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3004
Waitlist for new clients
Hi there I'm David. I'm a mental health social worker with over twenty years' experience counselling adults in various settings. I currently work with adults (in person or via telehealth) who need some support with relationship and attachment challenges, stress, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, Complex PTSD, substance use issues and LGBTQIA+ issues.
Hi there I'm David. I'm a mental health social worker with over twenty years' experience counselling adults in various settings. I currently work with adults (in person or via telehealth) who need some support with relationship and attachment challenges, stress, anxiety, depression, grief and loss, PTSD, Complex PTSD, substance use issues and LGBTQIA+ issues.
(03) 7003 2274 View (03) 7003 2274
Photo of Kim Dang - KD Psychology, PsyBA General, Psychologist
KD Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3004
Kim is a registered psychologist who is experienced in delivering individual counselling and psychotherapy, assessments, and report writing to diverse populations across the lifespan (adults, adolescents, children). She believes that every client is unique in their needs, goals, and life experiences and takes an individualised client-focused approach in her practice of psychology.
Kim is a registered psychologist who is experienced in delivering individual counselling and psychotherapy, assessments, and report writing to diverse populations across the lifespan (adults, adolescents, children). She believes that every client is unique in their needs, goals, and life experiences and takes an individualised client-focused approach in her practice of psychology.
0490 022 973 View 0490 022 973
Photo of Leigh Milne - People Psychology, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Leigh Milne - People Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Get help by seeing Leigh, who has extensive experience with: Trauma & PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Fears, Phobias & Panic / Social Anxiety, Grief & Loss, Mood Disorders, Coping Skills, Dissociative Disorders (DD), Sexual Abuse & Sexual Assault, Domestic Abuse, Domestic Violence & Coercive Control Weight Loss & Binge Eating Eating Disorders Body Dysmorphia OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) Exercise Motivation & Sports Psychology / Performance Chronic Pain & Somatic Illness Low Self Esteem & Confidence Issues IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) & Digestive Issues Workplace Bullying & Assertiveness
Get help by seeing Leigh, who has extensive experience with: Trauma & PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Fears, Phobias & Panic / Social Anxiety, Grief & Loss, Mood Disorders, Coping Skills, Dissociative Disorders (DD), Sexual Abuse & Sexual Assault, Domestic Abuse, Domestic Violence & Coercive Control Weight Loss & Binge Eating Eating Disorders Body Dysmorphia OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) Exercise Motivation & Sports Psychology / Performance Chronic Pain & Somatic Illness Low Self Esteem & Confidence Issues IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) & Digestive Issues Workplace Bullying & Assertiveness
(03) 7003 2164 View (03) 7003 2164
Photo of Alicia Lauren Barker - Alicia Walker, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Alicia Walker
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Melbourne, VIC 3000
My therapeutic approach is guided by empathy and working collaboratively with my clients to develop a deeper understanding of their cognitive and behavioural patterns.
My therapeutic approach is guided by empathy and working collaboratively with my clients to develop a deeper understanding of their cognitive and behavioural patterns.
(03) 7003 2561 View (03) 7003 2561
Photo of Aphrodite Vlahos, MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
Aphrodite Vlahos
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3004
Aphrodite Vlahos is a registered Psychologist with a special interest in working with women and girls. Aphrodite has been trained in a variety of therapeutic approaches including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness, Self Compassion and more.
Aphrodite Vlahos is a registered Psychologist with a special interest in working with women and girls. Aphrodite has been trained in a variety of therapeutic approaches including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness, Self Compassion and more.
(03) 9020 4416 View (03) 9020 4416
Photo of Celina Umow, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Celina Umow
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3004
Highly motivated and passionate about helping others with excellent interpersonal skills and empathy. I bring a warm, positive, and collaborative energy to the work environment and thrive in both a team situation and working autonomously. I pride myself on being organized yet flexible and open to growth
Highly motivated and passionate about helping others with excellent interpersonal skills and empathy. I bring a warm, positive, and collaborative energy to the work environment and thrive in both a team situation and working autonomously. I pride myself on being organized yet flexible and open to growth
1300 431 448 View 1300 431 448
Photo of Rachel McGregor, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Rachel McGregor
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000
Waitlist for new clients
I am an experienced and warm psychologist and behaviour analyst providing effective and supportive therapy for adults and young people experiencing a range of concerns such as anxiety, stress, burnout, trauma, work-related stress and mood. I believe individuals should not have to walk through life issues alone and therapy is a way to process, reflect and activate positive coping and wellbeing. You can be completely yourself in sessions. I have lots of experience working with individuals with ASD and ADHD. I also provide coaching, assertiveness training and personality assessment for professionals.
I am an experienced and warm psychologist and behaviour analyst providing effective and supportive therapy for adults and young people experiencing a range of concerns such as anxiety, stress, burnout, trauma, work-related stress and mood. I believe individuals should not have to walk through life issues alone and therapy is a way to process, reflect and activate positive coping and wellbeing. You can be completely yourself in sessions. I have lots of experience working with individuals with ASD and ADHD. I also provide coaching, assertiveness training and personality assessment for professionals.
(03) 7003 2499 View (03) 7003 2499
Photo of Marianna Quinones, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Marianna Quinones
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Melbourne, VIC 3000
My interest ranges within various mental health issues, including those mood-related, such as depression and anxiety, and those associated with personality disorders, particularly Borderline and Narcissistic presentations. I encourage my clients to build a collaborative therapeutic relationship, where the client has the central role, and my role is to help them create a life worth living. This process often includes identifying family dynamics/early experiences that lead to unhelpful beliefs and patterns of behavior, accepting what cannot be changed and embracing the process of making changes to commit to a more meaningful life.
My interest ranges within various mental health issues, including those mood-related, such as depression and anxiety, and those associated with personality disorders, particularly Borderline and Narcissistic presentations. I encourage my clients to build a collaborative therapeutic relationship, where the client has the central role, and my role is to help them create a life worth living. This process often includes identifying family dynamics/early experiences that lead to unhelpful beliefs and patterns of behavior, accepting what cannot be changed and embracing the process of making changes to commit to a more meaningful life.
(03) 9118 9017 View (03) 9118 9017
Photo of Zhamilya's Counselling, PACFA, Counsellor
Zhamilya's Counselling
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Melbourne, VIC 3000  (Online Only)
I am super passionate about my work as a Counsellor after many years of working in the corporate world left me searching for a more fulfilling and meaningful career. I find that so many of my clients echo this search – in addition to wanting to address their day-to-day life struggles – they are searching for something more. And this is where I love to be, fully attentive, empathising with my clients but most of all working alongside them to explore ways of improving all aspects of their lives, be that work, relationships, childhood attachment wounds or trauma.
I am super passionate about my work as a Counsellor after many years of working in the corporate world left me searching for a more fulfilling and meaningful career. I find that so many of my clients echo this search – in addition to wanting to address their day-to-day life struggles – they are searching for something more. And this is where I love to be, fully attentive, empathising with my clients but most of all working alongside them to explore ways of improving all aspects of their lives, be that work, relationships, childhood attachment wounds or trauma.
(03) 9994 1757 View (03) 9994 1757
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See more therapy options for Melbourne

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Melbourne, VIC

1,000+

Average cost per session

$180

Counsellors in Melbourne, VIC who prioritize treating:

90% Anxiety
83% Depression
79% Stress
77% Self Esteem
74% Relationship Issues
69% Trauma and PTSD
63% Coping Skills

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

66% Medicare Rebates
53% Bupa
45% NDIS

How Counsellors in Melbourne, VIC see their clients

68% In Person and Online
32% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
24% Male
2% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Melbourne?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.