Counselling in Garran, ACT

Photo of Ilona Veronica Nichterlein - Lose Weight Fast, MA
Lose Weight Fast
MA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Garran, ACT 2605
My clients want an effective approach which addresses their habits such as smoking, vaping or emotional eating. Their issues may range from anxiety and stress to self-esteem struggles and unresolved trauma. They want relief from these problems. Their goals are to achieve emotional balance, self-compassion, and have strategies to live a more fulfilling life.
My clients want an effective approach which addresses their habits such as smoking, vaping or emotional eating. Their issues may range from anxiety and stress to self-esteem struggles and unresolved trauma. They want relief from these problems. Their goals are to achieve emotional balance, self-compassion, and have strategies to live a more fulfilling life.
(02) 5943 7274 View (02) 5943 7274
Photo of Olga Koronovskaia, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Olga Koronovskaia
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Garran, ACT 2605
I am a qualified and experienced psychotherapist and counsellor. I offer deep therapeutic work with various experiences and struggles in adults from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
I am a qualified and experienced psychotherapist and counsellor. I offer deep therapeutic work with various experiences and struggles in adults from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
(02) 5118 9035 View (02) 5118 9035
Photo of Mandy McNaught, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Mandy McNaught
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Garran, ACT 2605
Mandy is a warm, compassionate and non-judgmental clinician who provides treatment and counselling for those who experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, relationship issues, eating disorders, trauma, difficulties with life transitions, low self-esteem, phobias, grief and loss. Mandy strives to create a safe, comfortable space where you feel well supported. Mandy has specific training and experience in helping families of adolescents with eating and body image issues.
Mandy is a warm, compassionate and non-judgmental clinician who provides treatment and counselling for those who experience symptoms of anxiety, depression, relationship issues, eating disorders, trauma, difficulties with life transitions, low self-esteem, phobias, grief and loss. Mandy strives to create a safe, comfortable space where you feel well supported. Mandy has specific training and experience in helping families of adolescents with eating and body image issues.
(03) 7003 2870 View (03) 7003 2870
Photo of Kate Mungoven - Kate Mungoven Counselling Canberra, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Kate Mungoven Counselling Canberra
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Garran, ACT 2605
Modern mothering is wild. Whether you’re just at the beginning, been at it a while or somewhere in between, the changes and challenges of mothering continue throughout our lives. You are not alone - I can help. I specialise in working with mothers who are figuring out how to find a sense of self and steadiness in this messy existence. You want to be the mother you imagined, to live your values and juggle it all. But sometimes, you fall short. We can work together towards your goals; to feel like yourself again, to be able to show up for yourself and your children, to understand, to heal and to grow.
Modern mothering is wild. Whether you’re just at the beginning, been at it a while or somewhere in between, the changes and challenges of mothering continue throughout our lives. You are not alone - I can help. I specialise in working with mothers who are figuring out how to find a sense of self and steadiness in this messy existence. You want to be the mother you imagined, to live your values and juggle it all. But sometimes, you fall short. We can work together towards your goals; to feel like yourself again, to be able to show up for yourself and your children, to understand, to heal and to grow.
(02) 5950 5175 View (02) 5950 5175
Photo of Fiona Gray - Creating Connections Counselling, MA, PACFA, Counsellor
Creating Connections Counselling
Counsellor, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Garran, ACT 2605
Do you need someone to talk to? Are you doubting your self-worth & self-esteem or have difficulties with anxiety & depression? Would you like to improve your communication with your partner or a member of your family? Have you experienced a betrayal or has someone in the relationship had difficulties with addiction or behavioural difficulties? Have you been affected by previous traumatic experiences? I provide a trauma-informed approach, trained in EMDR & guided imagery. My goal is to ensure you are heard and understood in every session. I am here to work with you to facilitate a safe space to explore your inner needs.
Do you need someone to talk to? Are you doubting your self-worth & self-esteem or have difficulties with anxiety & depression? Would you like to improve your communication with your partner or a member of your family? Have you experienced a betrayal or has someone in the relationship had difficulties with addiction or behavioural difficulties? Have you been affected by previous traumatic experiences? I provide a trauma-informed approach, trained in EMDR & guided imagery. My goal is to ensure you are heard and understood in every session. I am here to work with you to facilitate a safe space to explore your inner needs.
(02) 5104 9730 View (02) 5104 9730

More Therapists Nearby

Photo of Rob Marchbank, MC, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Rob Marchbank
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Phillip, ACT 2606
I came to psychotherapy via earlier work in allied health. Over time, I found myself drawn to the emotional and behavioural issues raised by my clients – returning to university to complete a Master of counselling. I have a particular interest in working with trauma, anxiety, depression, and neurodiverse clients, as well as men's mental health.
I came to psychotherapy via earlier work in allied health. Over time, I found myself drawn to the emotional and behavioural issues raised by my clients – returning to university to complete a Master of counselling. I have a particular interest in working with trauma, anxiety, depression, and neurodiverse clients, as well as men's mental health.
(02) 5944 5085 View (02) 5944 5085
Photo of Tara Bromham - Canberra Art Therapy Services, MA, AThR, Counsellor
Canberra Art Therapy Services
Counsellor, MA, AThR
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Weston, ACT 2611
I have worked in a variety of different mental health contexts with a diverse range of clients. I have extensive experience working with children, youth and families who have experienced trauma, using creative arts therapy and child-led play therapy. I also have experience working with neurodiverse children and adults, family violence recovery, school settings, high-care dementia residential care, with children and adults with disabilities (NDIS participants) and with adults with mild, moderate and complex mental health diagnoses. I have experience facilitating individual, group and family therapy sessions.
I have worked in a variety of different mental health contexts with a diverse range of clients. I have extensive experience working with children, youth and families who have experienced trauma, using creative arts therapy and child-led play therapy. I also have experience working with neurodiverse children and adults, family violence recovery, school settings, high-care dementia residential care, with children and adults with disabilities (NDIS participants) and with adults with mild, moderate and complex mental health diagnoses. I have experience facilitating individual, group and family therapy sessions.
(02) 5950 6361 View (02) 5950 6361
Photo of Susi West - Susi West, PACFA, Counsellor
Susi West
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Red Hill, ACT 2603
I work primarily with folks who’re struggling in their relationships. Mostly, I work with romantic partners, but also with mothers & daughters, business partners, friends and individuals. My clients typically have difficulties in communicating effectively with others, especially during conflict when they’re feeling all the feelings. Clients also often approach me because they’ve been betrayed in relationship. Sometimes, there’s been an affair, an experience of sexual assault, or an unexpected separation...
I work primarily with folks who’re struggling in their relationships. Mostly, I work with romantic partners, but also with mothers & daughters, business partners, friends and individuals. My clients typically have difficulties in communicating effectively with others, especially during conflict when they’re feeling all the feelings. Clients also often approach me because they’ve been betrayed in relationship. Sometimes, there’s been an affair, an experience of sexual assault, or an unexpected separation...
(02) 5118 9041 View (02) 5118 9041
Photo of Pippa Matthews, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Pippa Matthews
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Deakin, ACT 2600
I have been working as a psychotherapist & counsellor for over 30yrs in a variety of government agencies (including sexual assault services, rape crisis services, victims of crime support services & women's health services) and private practice (11yrs in Sydney & 6yrs in Canberra). I have specialised in working with people whose histories include complex trauma, attachment trauma, developmental trauma and trauma in adulthood (including childhood sexual abuse, emotional & psychological abuse, childhood physical abuse, family violence, coercive control in relationships & adult rape). I also work with people struggling with PTSD.
I have been working as a psychotherapist & counsellor for over 30yrs in a variety of government agencies (including sexual assault services, rape crisis services, victims of crime support services & women's health services) and private practice (11yrs in Sydney & 6yrs in Canberra). I have specialised in working with people whose histories include complex trauma, attachment trauma, developmental trauma and trauma in adulthood (including childhood sexual abuse, emotional & psychological abuse, childhood physical abuse, family violence, coercive control in relationships & adult rape). I also work with people struggling with PTSD.
(02) 5926 2804 View (02) 5926 2804
Photo of Prakash K C, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Prakash K C
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Phillip, ACT 2606
We humans possess significant resilience, yet we are also quite vulnerable. There are numerous factors around us that can affect our wellbeing and can cause anxiety, sadness, hurt, guilt, anger, loneliness, sense of unfulfillment, etc. Sometimes painful memories from the past don’t allow us to create new memories. Our own thoughts and beliefs work against us at times. Behaviours that were once soothing and comfortable, over time, become destructive. Coping with loss can be extremely challenging. Argument and unresolved conflicts can damage our intimate relationships. Family members not getting along can result in lot of distress.
We humans possess significant resilience, yet we are also quite vulnerable. There are numerous factors around us that can affect our wellbeing and can cause anxiety, sadness, hurt, guilt, anger, loneliness, sense of unfulfillment, etc. Sometimes painful memories from the past don’t allow us to create new memories. Our own thoughts and beliefs work against us at times. Behaviours that were once soothing and comfortable, over time, become destructive. Coping with loss can be extremely challenging. Argument and unresolved conflicts can damage our intimate relationships. Family members not getting along can result in lot of distress.
(02) 5941 6880 View (02) 5941 6880
Photo of Roni Ramirez Esquivel, ACA-L3, Counsellor
Roni Ramirez Esquivel
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Deakin, ACT 2600
Through my counselling work I have been honoured to work with a wide range of clients, with whom I have tailored my therapeutic approach to best suit their needs. I enjoy working with my clients to develop clear counselling goals, expanding on clients' existing and new life skills. I always aim to provide a warm, inclusive and safe counselling service to provide clients the opportunity to be open and willing to explore chance.
Through my counselling work I have been honoured to work with a wide range of clients, with whom I have tailored my therapeutic approach to best suit their needs. I enjoy working with my clients to develop clear counselling goals, expanding on clients' existing and new life skills. I always aim to provide a warm, inclusive and safe counselling service to provide clients the opportunity to be open and willing to explore chance.
(02) 5950 5794 View (02) 5950 5794
Photo of Raymond Veldre, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Raymond Veldre
Counsellor, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Deakin, ACT 2600
I am an registered psychotherapist, clinical counsellor and clinical supervisor with at Bachelor of Science in Psychology; a Graduate Diploma in Community Counselling and a Masters degree in Counselling. I am a member of ACA and also a EMDR trained clinician and Associate Member of the EMDR Association of Australia. I have undertaken professional development qualification in Substance and Behavioural Addictions, Solution Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy and studied CBT Trauma Therapy with Dr Leah Giarritano. My counselling approach is very much collaborative and client focused.
I am an registered psychotherapist, clinical counsellor and clinical supervisor with at Bachelor of Science in Psychology; a Graduate Diploma in Community Counselling and a Masters degree in Counselling. I am a member of ACA and also a EMDR trained clinician and Associate Member of the EMDR Association of Australia. I have undertaken professional development qualification in Substance and Behavioural Addictions, Solution Focused Therapy, Motivational Interviewing and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy and studied CBT Trauma Therapy with Dr Leah Giarritano. My counselling approach is very much collaborative and client focused.
(02) 5943 9162 View (02) 5943 9162
Photo of Amy Shah, MA, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Amy Shah
Psychotherapist, MA, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Canberra, ACT 2600
Trauma can make us feel lost, hopeless, and disconnected from ourselves and others. You might notice that you keep falling into harmful patterns. Even though you want to form meaningful relationships, you might push people away or end up in relationships that cause pain. You want to understand your reactions and feel more in control of your life. You're ready to make better choices about treating yourself and others. You want to break free from cycles of trauma and abuse. You believe there’s something better for you—you need help to find it.
Trauma can make us feel lost, hopeless, and disconnected from ourselves and others. You might notice that you keep falling into harmful patterns. Even though you want to form meaningful relationships, you might push people away or end up in relationships that cause pain. You want to understand your reactions and feel more in control of your life. You're ready to make better choices about treating yourself and others. You want to break free from cycles of trauma and abuse. You believe there’s something better for you—you need help to find it.
(02) 9100 0281 View (02) 9100 0281
Photo of David O'Donohue, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
David O'Donohue
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Deakin, ACT 2600
My ideal client is an adult who is grappling with inner conflict, feeling stuck in patterns that once served a purpose but now feel more like obstacles. They're seeking a deeper understanding of themselves, their emotions, and their behaviors. Their goal is to attain a harmonious state of mind, to transform inner conflict into inner dialogue, and ultimately, to better navigate their life's journey.
My ideal client is an adult who is grappling with inner conflict, feeling stuck in patterns that once served a purpose but now feel more like obstacles. They're seeking a deeper understanding of themselves, their emotions, and their behaviors. Their goal is to attain a harmonious state of mind, to transform inner conflict into inner dialogue, and ultimately, to better navigate their life's journey.
View
Photo of Alison Scott, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Alison Scott
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Phillip, ACT 2606
Are you alone in your pain? Don't feel good on the inside? Can't trust? Not sure who to talk to about all the hurt you're holding onto? Maybe all you really want is to feel close to someone. Someone who will be gentle with you and work slowly with you. Someone who wants to understand you just the way you are. No-one wants to feel separate. We all crave close human connection. To belong. To know we matter.
Are you alone in your pain? Don't feel good on the inside? Can't trust? Not sure who to talk to about all the hurt you're holding onto? Maybe all you really want is to feel close to someone. Someone who will be gentle with you and work slowly with you. Someone who wants to understand you just the way you are. No-one wants to feel separate. We all crave close human connection. To belong. To know we matter.
(02) 5944 1680 View (02) 5944 1680
Photo of Lisa Plaza - Adaptive Growth Psychology, PsychD, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Adaptive Growth Psychology
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Forrest, ACT 2603  (Online Only)
As a Registered Psychologist with over 12 years experience I am dedicated to providing evidence-based therapies to support individuals facing a variety of challenges. I offer convenient Telehealth psychology services from the comfort of your home. This allows you to have a comfortable and safe place to support you in your therapy goals. I aim to reduce stress and burnout, improve wellbeing and mental health and bring back joy in your values in life.
As a Registered Psychologist with over 12 years experience I am dedicated to providing evidence-based therapies to support individuals facing a variety of challenges. I offer convenient Telehealth psychology services from the comfort of your home. This allows you to have a comfortable and safe place to support you in your therapy goals. I aim to reduce stress and burnout, improve wellbeing and mental health and bring back joy in your values in life.
(02) 5944 1704 View (02) 5944 1704
Photo of Luigi C Romanelli, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Luigi C Romanelli
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Canberra, ACT 2600
Struggling with emotional pain and looking for support? I’m Luigi C. Romanelli, an experienced counsellor. Client "Jaxon" feared discussing his struggles with his partner due to past rejection, but through our work together, he rebuilt trust in intimacy by identifying and unlearning harmful patterns. He bravely shared his deepest fears, and we practised open dialogues that built trust, reduced anxiety, and improved his self-esteem and communication skills. His inspiring progress shows the power of focused support. If you are seeking compassionate counselling in Launceston or across Australia via Telehealth - book today!
Struggling with emotional pain and looking for support? I’m Luigi C. Romanelli, an experienced counsellor. Client "Jaxon" feared discussing his struggles with his partner due to past rejection, but through our work together, he rebuilt trust in intimacy by identifying and unlearning harmful patterns. He bravely shared his deepest fears, and we practised open dialogues that built trust, reduced anxiety, and improved his self-esteem and communication skills. His inspiring progress shows the power of focused support. If you are seeking compassionate counselling in Launceston or across Australia via Telehealth - book today!
(03) 6315 9073 View (03) 6315 9073
Photo of Simon Tidy, ACA-L3, Counsellor
Simon Tidy
Counsellor, ACA-L3
Verified Verified
Forrest, ACT 2603
Waitlist for new clients
I am a registered counsellor who can assist you to navigate through personal and relationship challenges and achieve positive outcomes in order to live a more satisfying and rewarding life. I offer an integrative approach, drawing on a number of therapeutic techniques that allows me as a therapist to use the most effective method available to address your individual needs. I offer counselling services both online or face to face in safe and comfortable therapeutic space where you can feel free to share your thoughts and feelings.
I am a registered counsellor who can assist you to navigate through personal and relationship challenges and achieve positive outcomes in order to live a more satisfying and rewarding life. I offer an integrative approach, drawing on a number of therapeutic techniques that allows me as a therapist to use the most effective method available to address your individual needs. I offer counselling services both online or face to face in safe and comfortable therapeutic space where you can feel free to share your thoughts and feelings.
(02) 6190 1315 View (02) 6190 1315
Photo of Michael Vincent Andrews - Central Counselling Services, Counsellor
Central Counselling Services
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Griffith, ACT 2603
Hi, I'm Mick, a Registered Counsellor. More specifically, I am someone who sparks change in people's lives. I support people in exploring their personal history and uncovering patterns they may not be aware of so that they can begin to control their emotions and be excited about their dreams, goals, relationships, and future. I have lived experience with Depression, PTSD and Anxiety, and in my experience, you can make significant changes in your life when you decide to. You will be amazed at how capable you are of exploring areas of yourself that you never knew existed, as the counselling process can allow you to heal and grow.
Hi, I'm Mick, a Registered Counsellor. More specifically, I am someone who sparks change in people's lives. I support people in exploring their personal history and uncovering patterns they may not be aware of so that they can begin to control their emotions and be excited about their dreams, goals, relationships, and future. I have lived experience with Depression, PTSD and Anxiety, and in my experience, you can make significant changes in your life when you decide to. You will be amazed at how capable you are of exploring areas of yourself that you never knew existed, as the counselling process can allow you to heal and grow.
(02) 5944 5947 View (02) 5944 5947
Photo of Marina Truter - Fadden Counselling, ACA-L4, Psychotherapist
Fadden Counselling
Psychotherapist, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
Weston Creek, ACT 2611
Not accepting new clients
We all want to live a life worth living. Finding that can be quite a journey, with many twists and turns along the way. Embark on the search within the safety of a collaborative and therapeutic relationship. It certainly takes courage, but also has unimaginable rewards. Whether you are facing a new trial, or just decided to take action regarding a long standing issue, take the first step towards healing and overcoming. It is at your fingertips, and might be easier than you think.
We all want to live a life worth living. Finding that can be quite a journey, with many twists and turns along the way. Embark on the search within the safety of a collaborative and therapeutic relationship. It certainly takes courage, but also has unimaginable rewards. Whether you are facing a new trial, or just decided to take action regarding a long standing issue, take the first step towards healing and overcoming. It is at your fingertips, and might be easier than you think.
(02) 6188 7039 View (02) 6188 7039

See more therapy options for Garran

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in Garran, ACT

< 10

Counsellors in Garran, ACT who prioritize treating:

100% Relationship Issues
100% Depression
100% Anxiety
100% Parenting
80% Eating Disorders
80% Self Esteem
80% Women's Issues

Average years in practice

10 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

100% NDIS
50% Any/Out-of-network Insurance
50% Defence Health

How Counsellors in Garran, ACT see their clients

100% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

100% Female
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in Garran?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.