Photo of Dr Shalya Hirschson, PhD, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Dr Shalya Hirschson
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
As a psychologist, I feel privileged, to observe & work with the difficult life experiences, which lead individuals to engage in therapy. I believe that therapy is a form of self-exploration & learning. In sessions, I use safe, containing ways to help clients process their thoughts and feelings, gaining insight and understanding, so that they can navigate the world around them, with a sense of confidence, purpose and hope. I help clients develop skills to manage their discomfort, pain, uncertainty and fear, to facilitate change in their lives and improve their overall sense of well-being.
As a psychologist, I feel privileged, to observe & work with the difficult life experiences, which lead individuals to engage in therapy. I believe that therapy is a form of self-exploration & learning. In sessions, I use safe, containing ways to help clients process their thoughts and feelings, gaining insight and understanding, so that they can navigate the world around them, with a sense of confidence, purpose and hope. I help clients develop skills to manage their discomfort, pain, uncertainty and fear, to facilitate change in their lives and improve their overall sense of well-being.
(03) 9988 1271 View (03) 9988 1271
Photo of Marc Moskowitz, MA, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Marc Moskowitz
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA, AMHSW
Verified Verified
I am a Mental Health Social Worker, Counsellor and Psychotherapist working in private practice with adults. I have over 15 years of experience and training in mental health and qualifications in Psychology, Social Work, Counselling, and Gestalt Psychotherapy. I offer a supportive, empathetic and non-judgemental space. I work collaboratively with you to find ways through what is troubling you and to help you better understand yourself. ​
I am a Mental Health Social Worker, Counsellor and Psychotherapist working in private practice with adults. I have over 15 years of experience and training in mental health and qualifications in Psychology, Social Work, Counselling, and Gestalt Psychotherapy. I offer a supportive, empathetic and non-judgemental space. I work collaboratively with you to find ways through what is troubling you and to help you better understand yourself. ​
(03) 7003 2079 View (03) 7003 2079
Photo of Adam Kreuzer - Adam Kreuzer | Registered Counsellor , ACA-L1, Counsellor
Adam Kreuzer | Registered Counsellor
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
Caulfield, VIC 3162  (Online Only)
I create a safe and open space for my clients to therapeutically explore their issues, challenges and concerns. My ideal client is someone who is open to exploring the connections between their trauma and life experiences and how this has impacted their lives in positive and negative ways. I like to work with clients that are action and goal oriented, as I like to set homework tasks and brain training exercises to re-wire their thinking in a healthier and more functional way. I am very conversational and my clients like this approach to discussing areas of concern to them.
I create a safe and open space for my clients to therapeutically explore their issues, challenges and concerns. My ideal client is someone who is open to exploring the connections between their trauma and life experiences and how this has impacted their lives in positive and negative ways. I like to work with clients that are action and goal oriented, as I like to set homework tasks and brain training exercises to re-wire their thinking in a healthier and more functional way. I am very conversational and my clients like this approach to discussing areas of concern to them.
(03) 7020 2782 View (03) 7020 2782
Photo of Isaac Nathan, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Isaac Nathan
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Caulfield, VIC 3162
I take a collaborative to therapy, in which we work together to define a project to address the core concerns. I see a range of clinical issues: mood disturbance (depression, dysthymia) anxiety (generalised anxiety, excessive worry, panic) and entrenched problems arising from trauma (PTSD, grief, attachment issues), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). As a clinical psychologist I am trained in evidence-based therapies, including Cognitive Therapy (CBT), trauma therapy, and Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT). My past roles are as senior clinician in private & public mental health, and I provide supervision to psychologists.
I take a collaborative to therapy, in which we work together to define a project to address the core concerns. I see a range of clinical issues: mood disturbance (depression, dysthymia) anxiety (generalised anxiety, excessive worry, panic) and entrenched problems arising from trauma (PTSD, grief, attachment issues), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). As a clinical psychologist I am trained in evidence-based therapies, including Cognitive Therapy (CBT), trauma therapy, and Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT). My past roles are as senior clinician in private & public mental health, and I provide supervision to psychologists.
(03) 7003 2083 View (03) 7003 2083
Photo of Stuart Tyson, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Stuart Tyson
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Caulfield, VIC 3162
I was drawn to psychology after struggling with my own issues. Most of my clients are experiencing some form of low mood, anxiety or relationship and life stress. As a warm and kind practitioner, I focus on creating an open and non-judgmental space to freely explore all aspects of your current difficulties. We will work together to cultivate understanding and insight, and then to develop the psychological tools to facilitate your positive change and growth.
I was drawn to psychology after struggling with my own issues. Most of my clients are experiencing some form of low mood, anxiety or relationship and life stress. As a warm and kind practitioner, I focus on creating an open and non-judgmental space to freely explore all aspects of your current difficulties. We will work together to cultivate understanding and insight, and then to develop the psychological tools to facilitate your positive change and growth.
(03) 7003 2858 View (03) 7003 2858
Photo of Lindy Spanger, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Lindy Spanger
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
I am a Psychotherapist and counsellor with over 20 years experience. Deciding to come to therapy can feel like such a relief. Sharing your story and being heard without judgment in a safe and supportive environment. You may be experiencing big life transitions, relationship issues or old negative patterns and beliefs that are getting in the way leaving you feeling stuck and overwhelmed. Even with your best efforts nothing seems to change. Therapy can really help to bring about change so you have more space between your thoughts and those old negative patterns.how wonderful to have more choice and freedom in your life.
I am a Psychotherapist and counsellor with over 20 years experience. Deciding to come to therapy can feel like such a relief. Sharing your story and being heard without judgment in a safe and supportive environment. You may be experiencing big life transitions, relationship issues or old negative patterns and beliefs that are getting in the way leaving you feeling stuck and overwhelmed. Even with your best efforts nothing seems to change. Therapy can really help to bring about change so you have more space between your thoughts and those old negative patterns.how wonderful to have more choice and freedom in your life.
(03) 7003 2360 View (03) 7003 2360
Photo of Louisa Gibson, Counsellor
Louisa Gibson
Counsellor
Verified Verified
Hi, I'm Louisa and I'm a registered counsellor and psychotherapist with years of experience working in the community and with those experiencing vulnerability. I know firsthand that navigating the complexities in life can be difficult and at times its hard to find a way forward. With the right support the journey towards a rich and meaningful life becomes clearer. I believe the key to effective therapy is truly understanding your unique perspective and experiences. I want to learn about you l – listening to your story, exploring how you navigate life’s challenges, and tailoring our work to your specific needs.
Hi, I'm Louisa and I'm a registered counsellor and psychotherapist with years of experience working in the community and with those experiencing vulnerability. I know firsthand that navigating the complexities in life can be difficult and at times its hard to find a way forward. With the right support the journey towards a rich and meaningful life becomes clearer. I believe the key to effective therapy is truly understanding your unique perspective and experiences. I want to learn about you l – listening to your story, exploring how you navigate life’s challenges, and tailoring our work to your specific needs.
(03) 7003 2384 View (03) 7003 2384
Photo of Eytan Woolfson, MSc, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Eytan Woolfson
Psychologist, MSc, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Caulfield, VIC 3162
Whether addressing the needs of children, adolescents, adults, or the elderly, I try to foster a safe environment without judgment. My areas of interest encompass anxiety, depression, trauma, Autism, ADHD, bipolar, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. I am also keenly interested in helping people navigate and heal from toxic relationships and the trauma of everyday life.
Whether addressing the needs of children, adolescents, adults, or the elderly, I try to foster a safe environment without judgment. My areas of interest encompass anxiety, depression, trauma, Autism, ADHD, bipolar, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. I am also keenly interested in helping people navigate and heal from toxic relationships and the trauma of everyday life.
(03) 7003 2711 View (03) 7003 2711
Photo of Lynne Woolfson, MA, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Lynne Woolfson
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Caulfield, VIC 3162
Hi there. Thank you for taking the time to read about me. Therapy helps. No matter who you are or what your issues are. There are things you can learn about yourself and ways that you can improve your functioning and relationships. Mental health matters. Relationships matter. Effective parenting matters. Self love matters. You are worth it. I love working with people across the life span. Young children, young adults, parents, adults and older adults. I have a special interest in narcissistic abuse, low self esteem, parenting and grief counselling.
Hi there. Thank you for taking the time to read about me. Therapy helps. No matter who you are or what your issues are. There are things you can learn about yourself and ways that you can improve your functioning and relationships. Mental health matters. Relationships matter. Effective parenting matters. Self love matters. You are worth it. I love working with people across the life span. Young children, young adults, parents, adults and older adults. I have a special interest in narcissistic abuse, low self esteem, parenting and grief counselling.
(03) 7003 2680 View (03) 7003 2680
Photo of Jeff Roberts, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Jeff Roberts
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Caulfield South, VIC 3162  (Online Only)
I am a clinical psychologist with over 25 years experience in mental health working with male clients to assist them to make positive changes in their life and to achieve their goals. Part of this process is also linking clients back toward their core values. I also lecture at Monash University and ACAP college. I am able to support my male with interpersonal issues, work stress, anxiety and depression and sexual dysfunction.
I am a clinical psychologist with over 25 years experience in mental health working with male clients to assist them to make positive changes in their life and to achieve their goals. Part of this process is also linking clients back toward their core values. I also lecture at Monash University and ACAP college. I am able to support my male with interpersonal issues, work stress, anxiety and depression and sexual dysfunction.
(03) 7003 2535 View (03) 7003 2535
Photo of Sheridan Wildash, Counsellor
Sheridan Wildash
Counsellor
Verified Verified
I am a Regenerative Therapist specialised in Trauma, Loss and Bereavement. My practice is informed by Person-Centred and Psychodynamic approaches and cultivated by a culmination of my own personal and professional voyage. The therapeutic process is a challenging but rewarding journey back to oneself, I am honoured to accompany my clients in Melbourne and internationally through life's transitions.
I am a Regenerative Therapist specialised in Trauma, Loss and Bereavement. My practice is informed by Person-Centred and Psychodynamic approaches and cultivated by a culmination of my own personal and professional voyage. The therapeutic process is a challenging but rewarding journey back to oneself, I am honoured to accompany my clients in Melbourne and internationally through life's transitions.
(03) 7003 2643 x61 View (03) 7003 2643 x61
Photo of Steven Jacob Holzman - Inner Compass Counselling, MC, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Inner Compass Counselling
Counsellor, MC, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Discover Your True North! Are you feeling lost or overwhelmed? Do you crave clarity, direction, and peace in your life? Inner Compass Counselling is here to help you navigate life’s challenges and embark on a journey of self-discovery and personal growth. Explore your inner landscape and find clarity, direction, and purpose with Inner Compass Counselling.
Discover Your True North! Are you feeling lost or overwhelmed? Do you crave clarity, direction, and peace in your life? Inner Compass Counselling is here to help you navigate life’s challenges and embark on a journey of self-discovery and personal growth. Explore your inner landscape and find clarity, direction, and purpose with Inner Compass Counselling.
(03) 7003 2723 View (03) 7003 2723
Gabby Skelsey
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Caulfield, VIC 3162
Much of what makes us unhappy is unconscious and not easily accessed by easy explanations. I work with clients to explore aspects of their life and their feelings, and learn new ways of overcoming personal difficulties. Managing vulnerabilities, emotions and behaviours can make problems easier to understand. Therapy is a shared process in which you discuss your concerns, problems and current challenges.
Much of what makes us unhappy is unconscious and not easily accessed by easy explanations. I work with clients to explore aspects of their life and their feelings, and learn new ways of overcoming personal difficulties. Managing vulnerabilities, emotions and behaviours can make problems easier to understand. Therapy is a shared process in which you discuss your concerns, problems and current challenges.
(03) 7003 2317 View (03) 7003 2317
Photo of Melissa Jane Moss, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Melissa Jane Moss
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
The Bodhi Tree Psychology was founded by Melissa Moss. Mel is a registered psychologist (AHPRA), a registered counsellor (ACA) and a certified clinical trauma practitioner in sensorimotor psychotherapy (CCTP-II). Mel uses compassionate inquiry whilst integrating a variety of evidenced-based and trauma informed humanistic, somatic and mindfulness approaches. This approach works to inspire self-awareness, develop self-acceptance, encourage deep healing and sustain Wellness.
The Bodhi Tree Psychology was founded by Melissa Moss. Mel is a registered psychologist (AHPRA), a registered counsellor (ACA) and a certified clinical trauma practitioner in sensorimotor psychotherapy (CCTP-II). Mel uses compassionate inquiry whilst integrating a variety of evidenced-based and trauma informed humanistic, somatic and mindfulness approaches. This approach works to inspire self-awareness, develop self-acceptance, encourage deep healing and sustain Wellness.
(03) 7003 2037 View (03) 7003 2037
Photo of Suzanne Hanrahan, MA, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Suzanne Hanrahan
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MA
Verified Verified
It’s a tough decision to seek therapy, and many people don’t know what to expect. Perhaps you have been struggling for some time and have tried to manage it yourself – but you’re at a point where you are noticing the impact these feelings have had at work, with the kids, or in your marriage. You might be experiencing panic, or a sense of being out of control. Maybe you’ve noticed that you can’t concentrate the way you used to, and you’ve lost interest in the things you used to love.
It’s a tough decision to seek therapy, and many people don’t know what to expect. Perhaps you have been struggling for some time and have tried to manage it yourself – but you’re at a point where you are noticing the impact these feelings have had at work, with the kids, or in your marriage. You might be experiencing panic, or a sense of being out of control. Maybe you’ve noticed that you can’t concentrate the way you used to, and you’ve lost interest in the things you used to love.
(03) 9118 9035 View (03) 9118 9035
Photo of Maree Paris, PsychD, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Maree Paris
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
If you are a parent/carer of a young child with developmental delay, autism, ADHD and/or Intellectual Disability I am able to provide early intervention support. I am also able to support children who engage in Behaviour of Concern using positive behaviour support strategies and the development of a Behaviour Regulation Plan. In addition to this service, if you are an adult who has experienced childhood trauma, anxiety, depression, PTSD, addictions and other related challenges I am able to offer Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing therapy.
If you are a parent/carer of a young child with developmental delay, autism, ADHD and/or Intellectual Disability I am able to provide early intervention support. I am also able to support children who engage in Behaviour of Concern using positive behaviour support strategies and the development of a Behaviour Regulation Plan. In addition to this service, if you are an adult who has experienced childhood trauma, anxiety, depression, PTSD, addictions and other related challenges I am able to offer Eye Movement Desensitisation Reprocessing therapy.
(03) 7003 2903 View (03) 7003 2903
Photo of Li Lian Koh, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Li Lian Koh
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Caulfield South, VIC 3162  (Online Only)
[Telehealth only]. Li Lian is a registered Clinical Psychologist who works primarily with older adolescents and adults, and enjoys working with clients of differing cultural backgrounds and presenting issues. She has experience working with anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD, anger management, addictions, as well as criminal and offending behaviours. Li Lian ensures that she creates a warm, empathetic and non-judgemental space for clients. She encourages open and honest communication to ensure that clients feel comfortable in sharing their thoughts, feelings, behaviours and any feedback about the process.
[Telehealth only]. Li Lian is a registered Clinical Psychologist who works primarily with older adolescents and adults, and enjoys working with clients of differing cultural backgrounds and presenting issues. She has experience working with anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD, anger management, addictions, as well as criminal and offending behaviours. Li Lian ensures that she creates a warm, empathetic and non-judgemental space for clients. She encourages open and honest communication to ensure that clients feel comfortable in sharing their thoughts, feelings, behaviours and any feedback about the process.
(03) 7003 2061 View (03) 7003 2061
Photo of Reshma Simon, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Reshma Simon
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
I support clients across the age range (from as young as 4 and above) to address a comprehensive range of presentations, including neurodivergent presentations (ASD, ADHD), anxiety disorders (generalised anxiety, OCD, panic, phobias, separation anxiety), school refusal, self-esteem, adjustment difficulties, trauma and psychosis. I also offer assessments including ADHD and cognitive assessments for both adults and children. I focus on building a safe and positive therapeutic relationship with my clients. I am particularly attuned to the cultural diversity of the city, and have a special interest in cross cultural challenges.
I support clients across the age range (from as young as 4 and above) to address a comprehensive range of presentations, including neurodivergent presentations (ASD, ADHD), anxiety disorders (generalised anxiety, OCD, panic, phobias, separation anxiety), school refusal, self-esteem, adjustment difficulties, trauma and psychosis. I also offer assessments including ADHD and cognitive assessments for both adults and children. I focus on building a safe and positive therapeutic relationship with my clients. I am particularly attuned to the cultural diversity of the city, and have a special interest in cross cultural challenges.
(03) 7003 2480 View (03) 7003 2480
Photo of Clea Alexander, MBBS
Clea Alexander
MBBS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Hello - my name is Clea - I am a Lifestyle Medicine GP and Health Coach with training in provision of Focussed Psychological Strategies, including ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) and motivational interviewing. For further information, please visit www.resonancelifestyle.com.au
Hello - my name is Clea - I am a Lifestyle Medicine GP and Health Coach with training in provision of Focussed Psychological Strategies, including ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) and motivational interviewing. For further information, please visit www.resonancelifestyle.com.au
View
Photo of Antonina Quinlan @ Child Play Therapy, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Antonina Quinlan @ Child Play Therapy
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Caulfield, VIC 3162
Being a passionate advocate for non-directive Child-Centred Play Therapy, an approach which is backed by neuroscience and is strictly evidence based, I specialise in working therapeutically with families of children of 2-10 years old to support their child towards their full potential. I recognise the importance of facilitating parents with their involvement in the child's therapy by helping them to become therapeutic agents for their children. I have a special interest integrating this in therapy with children on the Autism Spectrum and with other developmental issues.
Being a passionate advocate for non-directive Child-Centred Play Therapy, an approach which is backed by neuroscience and is strictly evidence based, I specialise in working therapeutically with families of children of 2-10 years old to support their child towards their full potential. I recognise the importance of facilitating parents with their involvement in the child's therapy by helping them to become therapeutic agents for their children. I have a special interest integrating this in therapy with children on the Autism Spectrum and with other developmental issues.
0498 177 243 View 0498 177 243
1

See more therapy options for 3162

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3162

100+

Average cost per session

$200

Counsellors in 3162 who prioritize treating:

94% Anxiety
89% Depression
84% Stress
81% Self Esteem
72% Trauma and PTSD
69% Relationship Issues
61% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

14 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

77% Medicare Rebates
51% Bupa
46% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in 3162 see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

74% Female
26% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3162?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.