Photo of Ricky Vijay, PACFA, Counsellor
Ricky Vijay
Counsellor, PACFA
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashwood, VIC 3147
I work with men who desire change. Whether you have a clear picture of a better life or just a faint gut feeling that things can't continue this way, I can help. I say this as not only a trained therapist but a person with over ten years of personal development experience: there's more in you.
I work with men who desire change. Whether you have a clear picture of a better life or just a faint gut feeling that things can't continue this way, I can help. I say this as not only a trained therapist but a person with over ten years of personal development experience: there's more in you.
(03) 7500 5886 View (03) 7500 5886
Photo of Renee Melges, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Renee Melges
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
Renee Melges is a Registered Clinical Psychologist with a Masters in Clinical Psychology. She has over 25 years experience working as a Psychologist and combines eastern and western philosophies to assist the client to maximise their potential and facilitate personal growth. Renee Melges provides Online and In person Holistic Counselling for adults, adolescents and primary school children across Australia. Renee Melges specialises in mood and anxiety disorders.
Renee Melges is a Registered Clinical Psychologist with a Masters in Clinical Psychology. She has over 25 years experience working as a Psychologist and combines eastern and western philosophies to assist the client to maximise their potential and facilitate personal growth. Renee Melges provides Online and In person Holistic Counselling for adults, adolescents and primary school children across Australia. Renee Melges specialises in mood and anxiety disorders.
(03) 8203 5831 View (03) 8203 5831
Photo of Dimity Cowell, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Dimity Cowell
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
Dimity has experience with a diverse client population, right across the lifespan, however she is passionate about working therapeutically with children, adolescents and their families. After completing her Psychology studies, Dimity gained experience across non-government organisations, public mental health services and the education sector. She developed a strong clinical framework through her work supporting adolescents and children presenting with trauma, low mood, anxiety, eating difficulties, school refusal and a range of behavioural difficulties.
Dimity has experience with a diverse client population, right across the lifespan, however she is passionate about working therapeutically with children, adolescents and their families. After completing her Psychology studies, Dimity gained experience across non-government organisations, public mental health services and the education sector. She developed a strong clinical framework through her work supporting adolescents and children presenting with trauma, low mood, anxiety, eating difficulties, school refusal and a range of behavioural difficulties.
(03) 7500 5306 View (03) 7500 5306
Photo of Charlotte Workman, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Charlotte Workman
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
Hi, I'm Charlotte, a Registered Psychologist and founder of Soulful Growth Psychology based in Camberwell, VIC and online. I am passionate about supporting people aged 14-60yrs with a variety of mental health concerns. I really enjoy working with anxiety disorders, depression, trauma disorders and perinatal mental health (conception-2yr post birth). I experience a lot of joy in completing Autism and ADHD assessments and supporting people to live the life they want and deserve to live.
Hi, I'm Charlotte, a Registered Psychologist and founder of Soulful Growth Psychology based in Camberwell, VIC and online. I am passionate about supporting people aged 14-60yrs with a variety of mental health concerns. I really enjoy working with anxiety disorders, depression, trauma disorders and perinatal mental health (conception-2yr post birth). I experience a lot of joy in completing Autism and ADHD assessments and supporting people to live the life they want and deserve to live.
(03) 8771 5305 View (03) 8771 5305
Photo of Sharen Lui - Sprout Psychology Melbourne Pty Ltd, MPsych, PsyBA - Ed. Psych.	, Psychologist
Sprout Psychology Melbourne Pty Ltd
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Ed. Psych.
Verified Verified
Ashwood, VIC 3147
Sprout Psychology Melbourne (SPM) is a multilingual practice focused on Educational and Developmental Psychology, with a dedication to celebrating Neurodiversity and Cultural Diversity. Trusted by our partners, we provide comprehensive care for individuals navigating neurodivergence in an allistic world, such as Autism and ADHD, across all life stages.
Sprout Psychology Melbourne (SPM) is a multilingual practice focused on Educational and Developmental Psychology, with a dedication to celebrating Neurodiversity and Cultural Diversity. Trusted by our partners, we provide comprehensive care for individuals navigating neurodivergence in an allistic world, such as Autism and ADHD, across all life stages.
(03) 8686 8317 View (03) 8686 8317
Photo of Ruth Eismontas, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Ruth Eismontas
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
If your relationship has hit a bad patch, you have ongoing conflict or have grown apart, I can heIp you. If you wish to improve your communication skills or learn how to manage conflict, then seriously consider calling me. I have the skills and experience to work jointly with you and your partner. I specialised in Relationship Counselling at Relationships Australia and have worked with couples and families for more than 20 years. My training also includes Clinical Family Therapy and I can support you with the parenting of your children.
If your relationship has hit a bad patch, you have ongoing conflict or have grown apart, I can heIp you. If you wish to improve your communication skills or learn how to manage conflict, then seriously consider calling me. I have the skills and experience to work jointly with you and your partner. I specialised in Relationship Counselling at Relationships Australia and have worked with couples and families for more than 20 years. My training also includes Clinical Family Therapy and I can support you with the parenting of your children.
(02) 4810 0640 View (02) 4810 0640
Photo of Cheryl Pereeia - Nirvana Counselling, ACA-L2, Counsellor
Nirvana Counselling
Counsellor, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Ashwood, VIC 3147
I have a naturally warm and empathic nature. I intuitively know how to bring out the best in people. I have a firm belief that everyone has the potential to rise above what they are experiencing to reach the highest version of themselves. I see clients with a broad range of concerns, who come from diverse backgrounds. I offer clients the experience of being heard & having their feelings validated. I am focused on supporting individuals, couples and families in accepting that they have everything they need to thrive, and they just need help accessing that part of themselves or their relationship.
I have a naturally warm and empathic nature. I intuitively know how to bring out the best in people. I have a firm belief that everyone has the potential to rise above what they are experiencing to reach the highest version of themselves. I see clients with a broad range of concerns, who come from diverse backgrounds. I offer clients the experience of being heard & having their feelings validated. I am focused on supporting individuals, couples and families in accepting that they have everything they need to thrive, and they just need help accessing that part of themselves or their relationship.
(03) 7500 5006 View (03) 7500 5006
Photo of Sue Guzick, MA, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Sue Guzick
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashburton, VIC 3147
Sue is a Counsellor and Art Therapist working with others to explore their lived experiences toward greater wellbeing and fulfilment. She has had the pleasure to have worked as a therapist since 2018 and to be supporting those with diverse lived experiences since 2014. Each of us are unique with our own life histories, environments in which we live, social, cultural, and personal identities. We live these through our one of a kind physical body. We have strengths and challenges. Sue’s therapy style is person-centred, hearing you to understand your lived experiences. Her style is to work collaboratively toward your desired goals.
Sue is a Counsellor and Art Therapist working with others to explore their lived experiences toward greater wellbeing and fulfilment. She has had the pleasure to have worked as a therapist since 2018 and to be supporting those with diverse lived experiences since 2014. Each of us are unique with our own life histories, environments in which we live, social, cultural, and personal identities. We live these through our one of a kind physical body. We have strengths and challenges. Sue’s therapy style is person-centred, hearing you to understand your lived experiences. Her style is to work collaboratively toward your desired goals.
0439 413 858 View 0439 413 858
Photo of Kate Hill - The Play Therapy Studio , AASW, Counsellor
The Play Therapy Studio
Counsellor, AASW
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
Play based parent child sessions can be really impactful way of helping you connect with your child to work through inner feelings, and process what might be challenging in your relationship. It is often really tough for children to express what's going on for them using words, and this is often why they find ways to communicate with us through their behaviour. This can be a little scary and overwhelming for us as caregivers, who may just be needing things to become a little easier at home. I work collaboratively and authentically with you and your child through the safety of play, where I draw on your wisdom, love, and knowledge.
Play based parent child sessions can be really impactful way of helping you connect with your child to work through inner feelings, and process what might be challenging in your relationship. It is often really tough for children to express what's going on for them using words, and this is often why they find ways to communicate with us through their behaviour. This can be a little scary and overwhelming for us as caregivers, who may just be needing things to become a little easier at home. I work collaboratively and authentically with you and your child through the safety of play, where I draw on your wisdom, love, and knowledge.
(03) 7500 5114 View (03) 7500 5114
Photo of Dr Carli Growcott, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Carli Growcott
Psychologist, PsychD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
Are you worried about your child of young adolescent? Do you feel overwhelmed and confused? I have more than 20 years experience in supporting families with children and young people who have emotional and behavioural issues. I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist with a Bachelor of Behavioural Science (Honours) and a Doctor of Psychology (Clinical Child, Family and Adolescent). I’ve worked in a number of different settings including mental health services, schools and community health. I have a passion for working with primary school aged children who experience anxiety.
Are you worried about your child of young adolescent? Do you feel overwhelmed and confused? I have more than 20 years experience in supporting families with children and young people who have emotional and behavioural issues. I am an experienced Clinical Psychologist with a Bachelor of Behavioural Science (Honours) and a Doctor of Psychology (Clinical Child, Family and Adolescent). I’ve worked in a number of different settings including mental health services, schools and community health. I have a passion for working with primary school aged children who experience anxiety.
(03) 7044 2411 View (03) 7044 2411
Photo of Dr Galit Hasen, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Dr Galit Hasen
Psychologist, PhD, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
I work with adults and young adults to provide support through difficult periods, including anxiety and mood issues, transitions in life, relationship issues, identity and mental health problems. I can provide ADHD assessments to adults. I see my role and strength as a therapist as understanding the unique felt experience of each person I see. This forms the basis of our work together and the place from which we make sense of the difficulties that bring you to therapy.
I work with adults and young adults to provide support through difficult periods, including anxiety and mood issues, transitions in life, relationship issues, identity and mental health problems. I can provide ADHD assessments to adults. I see my role and strength as a therapist as understanding the unique felt experience of each person I see. This forms the basis of our work together and the place from which we make sense of the difficulties that bring you to therapy.
(03) 7003 2062 View (03) 7003 2062
Photo of Gemma Louise Morley, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Gemma Louise Morley
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
I am a warm and approachable psychologist who creates a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment. My goal is to help you gain a deeper understanding of yourself, address your challenges, and make meaningful changes in your life. I believe in keeping our sessions relaxed and enjoyable. I love sharing a laugh with my clients as we navigate their journeys together. I have a particular interest in supporting adolescents, young adults and new parents.
I am a warm and approachable psychologist who creates a safe and supportive environment where you can explore your thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment. My goal is to help you gain a deeper understanding of yourself, address your challenges, and make meaningful changes in your life. I believe in keeping our sessions relaxed and enjoyable. I love sharing a laugh with my clients as we navigate their journeys together. I have a particular interest in supporting adolescents, young adults and new parents.
(03) 7003 2182 View (03) 7003 2182
Photo of David Jonty Spektor - PsychologyCare, PsychD, MAPS, Psychologist
PsychologyCare
Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashburton, VIC 3147
I am a Doctor of Clinical Psychology who trained in the UK and has worked in England, New Zealand and now Australia. My main interest is understanding the meaning behind an individual's suffering. My philosophy is that diagnoses act as a potential obstacle to truly understanding the reality of an individual's experience. Therefore, in practice, I try to refrain from medicalising someone's misery and instead be open to perceiving people's expressions of distress as often logical, rational, predictable and understandable reactions to some form of neglect, abuse, loss and/or trauma.
I am a Doctor of Clinical Psychology who trained in the UK and has worked in England, New Zealand and now Australia. My main interest is understanding the meaning behind an individual's suffering. My philosophy is that diagnoses act as a potential obstacle to truly understanding the reality of an individual's experience. Therefore, in practice, I try to refrain from medicalising someone's misery and instead be open to perceiving people's expressions of distress as often logical, rational, predictable and understandable reactions to some form of neglect, abuse, loss and/or trauma.
(03) 7003 2260 View (03) 7003 2260
Photo of Craig Russouw (Psychologist), PsyBA General, Psychologist
Craig Russouw (Psychologist)
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Ashwood, VIC 3147
With 20 years’ experience working in psychology, I have supported many community members on their mental health journeys and helped a wide range of people, including adults and children. I am a relationship based professional and I pride myself on being able to establish engaging relationships with my clients and their carers, in a safe and calming space. I work with women and men, and specialise in being able to connect with men and young people.
With 20 years’ experience working in psychology, I have supported many community members on their mental health journeys and helped a wide range of people, including adults and children. I am a relationship based professional and I pride myself on being able to establish engaging relationships with my clients and their carers, in a safe and calming space. I work with women and men, and specialise in being able to connect with men and young people.
(03) 7003 2316 View (03) 7003 2316
Photo of Dawn Vincent, AMHSW, Counsellor
Dawn Vincent
Counsellor, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Ashwood, VIC 3147
Are you experiencing low mood, finding it hard to stop worrying and feeling dissatisfied with the quality of your relationships or unhappy with your personal or working life? With the busyness of our lives and the pressures and demands we all face daily, our emotional wellbeing is an area which can be neglected. However, there comes a time when we know that it is time to stop and take some action to turn our life around. Counselling with me can help you with the skills and strategies you need to make changes and choices which will allow you to find the satisfaction you seek in the key areas of your life.
Are you experiencing low mood, finding it hard to stop worrying and feeling dissatisfied with the quality of your relationships or unhappy with your personal or working life? With the busyness of our lives and the pressures and demands we all face daily, our emotional wellbeing is an area which can be neglected. However, there comes a time when we know that it is time to stop and take some action to turn our life around. Counselling with me can help you with the skills and strategies you need to make changes and choices which will allow you to find the satisfaction you seek in the key areas of your life.
(03) 9068 5948 View (03) 9068 5948
Photo of Adiemus Seah, MA, ACA-L4, Counsellor
Adiemus Seah
Counsellor, MA, ACA-L4
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashwood, VIC 3147
Hi, I am Adiemus Seah, and I am a registered counsellor, Gallup certified strengths coach, accredited mental health first aid instructor, and clinical supervisor for the Masters of Counselling program at Monash University. Besides, I am also a Gottman-trained relationship therapist and PREPARE/ENRICH facilitator. I have 20 years of experience helping individuals and organisations elevate performance, achieve goals, and enhance wellbeing. I have worked in a range of universities, hospitals, non-profit organisations and private practice as a mental health practitioner, lead trainer and head of university counselling department.
Hi, I am Adiemus Seah, and I am a registered counsellor, Gallup certified strengths coach, accredited mental health first aid instructor, and clinical supervisor for the Masters of Counselling program at Monash University. Besides, I am also a Gottman-trained relationship therapist and PREPARE/ENRICH facilitator. I have 20 years of experience helping individuals and organisations elevate performance, achieve goals, and enhance wellbeing. I have worked in a range of universities, hospitals, non-profit organisations and private practice as a mental health practitioner, lead trainer and head of university counselling department.
(03) 7500 5824 View (03) 7500 5824
Photo of Sundas Rehman @ Internal Sunshine, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Sundas Rehman @ Internal Sunshine
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
Welcome to Internal Sunshine, where we embrace a holistic approach to your well-being, valuing every facet of who you are – your mind, body, soul, and social connections. Here, we understand that your spiritual beliefs, values, and sense of purpose are integral parts of your journey. Our therapy is grounded in anti-racism, affirming principles, and deep respect for your experiences and resilience. We're also committed to a neuroaffirming practice in therapy, which means we recognize and celebrate the diverse ways individuals process and engage with the world.
Welcome to Internal Sunshine, where we embrace a holistic approach to your well-being, valuing every facet of who you are – your mind, body, soul, and social connections. Here, we understand that your spiritual beliefs, values, and sense of purpose are integral parts of your journey. Our therapy is grounded in anti-racism, affirming principles, and deep respect for your experiences and resilience. We're also committed to a neuroaffirming practice in therapy, which means we recognize and celebrate the diverse ways individuals process and engage with the world.
(03) 7500 5089 View (03) 7500 5089
Photo of Natalia Whiteman, MA, PsyBA Endorsed, Psychologist
Natalia Whiteman
Psychologist, MA, PsyBA Endorsed
Verified Verified
Ashwood, VIC 3147
Hello, I am driven by a strong passion and commitment to supporting children, adolescents, and families. My experience and areas of interest encompass a diverse range of fields including: working with neurodiverse populations such as Autism and ADHD, including lived experience as I have a son with Autism. My true passion shines through when counselling children, adolescents & parents, offering compassionate guidance and support for various challenges they may encounter. including: behavioural difficulties, managing emotions, social skills, grief and loss, learning difficulties, school refusal, anxiety and mood disorders.
Hello, I am driven by a strong passion and commitment to supporting children, adolescents, and families. My experience and areas of interest encompass a diverse range of fields including: working with neurodiverse populations such as Autism and ADHD, including lived experience as I have a son with Autism. My true passion shines through when counselling children, adolescents & parents, offering compassionate guidance and support for various challenges they may encounter. including: behavioural difficulties, managing emotions, social skills, grief and loss, learning difficulties, school refusal, anxiety and mood disorders.
(03) 7500 5928 View (03) 7500 5928
Photo of Dean William Constantineas, PsychD, MAPS, Psychologist
Dean William Constantineas
Psychologist, PsychD, MAPS
Verified Verified
Ashburton, VIC 3147
My name is Dean Constantineas and I am a registered psychologist with training and experience in both sport and clinical psychology. I am passionate about normalising working to improve community mental health. I love to work with my clients on a process of learning about what is stopping them from living their best life and aim to help them discover ways to flourish.
My name is Dean Constantineas and I am a registered psychologist with training and experience in both sport and clinical psychology. I am passionate about normalising working to improve community mental health. I love to work with my clients on a process of learning about what is stopping them from living their best life and aim to help them discover ways to flourish.
(03) 7500 5299 View (03) 7500 5299
Photo of Laura Petrie, ACA-L1, Counsellor
Laura Petrie
Counsellor, ACA-L1
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Ashburton, VIC 3147  (Online Only)
Feeling overwhelmed, burnt out, or anxious? Lost sight of who you are beyond being a mum, wife, employee, daughter, and friend? Looking for more joy, purpose, and meaning? Unsure of your path forward and need someone to talk to and cheer you on? I work with women seeking more from life, aiming to improve relationships and set boundaries. Together, we can untangle your feelings, clarify your desires, and navigate your challenges. I'll support you in taking action and stepping into a life you love!
Feeling overwhelmed, burnt out, or anxious? Lost sight of who you are beyond being a mum, wife, employee, daughter, and friend? Looking for more joy, purpose, and meaning? Unsure of your path forward and need someone to talk to and cheer you on? I work with women seeking more from life, aiming to improve relationships and set boundaries. Together, we can untangle your feelings, clarify your desires, and navigate your challenges. I'll support you in taking action and stepping into a life you love!
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See more therapy options for 3147

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3147

30+

Average cost per session

$220

Counsellors in 3147 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
83% Depression
80% Self Esteem
77% Relationship Issues
73% Trauma and PTSD
73% Stress
67% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

64% Bupa
64% Medicare Rebates
57% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in 3147 see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

84% Female
13% Male
3% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3147?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.