Photo of Julie Stevens, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Julie Stevens
Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
Undertaking therapy is a very personal experience. A person may come to therapy to process complex trauma, work through relationship struggles, or simply desire to get to know and understand themselves more deeply. Whatever your reason for seeking therapy, the gifts born from the process of building self-awareness benefit not only you but also those around you who you love. It is profoundly humbling to support my clients to move through adversity, unpack challenging questions, grieve, transition, and move towards wellbeing. I am dedicated to the service of helping people to build agency, inner resources, and stability.
Undertaking therapy is a very personal experience. A person may come to therapy to process complex trauma, work through relationship struggles, or simply desire to get to know and understand themselves more deeply. Whatever your reason for seeking therapy, the gifts born from the process of building self-awareness benefit not only you but also those around you who you love. It is profoundly humbling to support my clients to move through adversity, unpack challenging questions, grieve, transition, and move towards wellbeing. I am dedicated to the service of helping people to build agency, inner resources, and stability.
(03) 7003 2846 View (03) 7003 2846
Photo of Woody Balfour, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Woody Balfour
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
As a therapist, I understand the need for warmth and acceptance. This is the foundation of a therapeutic relationship where people can show up with aspects of themselves that are problematic and unhelpful without judgement. I can relate to very human uncomfortable and undesirable behaviors, feelings and beliefs about ourselves. Through consistent support, compassion and curiosity, positive change becomes possible.
As a therapist, I understand the need for warmth and acceptance. This is the foundation of a therapeutic relationship where people can show up with aspects of themselves that are problematic and unhelpful without judgement. I can relate to very human uncomfortable and undesirable behaviors, feelings and beliefs about ourselves. Through consistent support, compassion and curiosity, positive change becomes possible.
(03) 7003 2659 View (03) 7003 2659
The Urban Alchemist
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
Got problems? Yeah, we know. If you are living in a state of constant drama and difficulty wondering ‘why bother?‘, perhaps it’s time to strap on your boots and get to work on YOU. That old adage about there being things you can change and things you can’t ain’t for nothing, and when it comes to climbing out of the hot mess that’s become your life it’s super important to know the difference. Start with you.
Got problems? Yeah, we know. If you are living in a state of constant drama and difficulty wondering ‘why bother?‘, perhaps it’s time to strap on your boots and get to work on YOU. That old adage about there being things you can change and things you can’t ain’t for nothing, and when it comes to climbing out of the hot mess that’s become your life it’s super important to know the difference. Start with you.
(03) 7003 2355 View (03) 7003 2355
Photo of Anna Orzech, MA, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Anna Orzech
Psychotherapist, MA, PACFA
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
Starting this process can feel daunting; the first step is for us to meet each other. I warmly welcome individual and couple clients of all cultural and class backgrounds, and diverse sexuality, relationship and affectional orientations, to email me for a free phone consultation to discuss what you need and how I might support you. Psychotherapy is a wonderful opportunity to develop relational self-awareness and explore your experience, as well as a tool to engage with difficulty and distress in your life. By helping you to understand and illuminate your feelings and experiences, we begin a process of discovery and awareness.
Starting this process can feel daunting; the first step is for us to meet each other. I warmly welcome individual and couple clients of all cultural and class backgrounds, and diverse sexuality, relationship and affectional orientations, to email me for a free phone consultation to discuss what you need and how I might support you. Psychotherapy is a wonderful opportunity to develop relational self-awareness and explore your experience, as well as a tool to engage with difficulty and distress in your life. By helping you to understand and illuminate your feelings and experiences, we begin a process of discovery and awareness.
(03) 7003 2478 View (03) 7003 2478
Photo of Isabella Hsieh - Meet Ur Therapy | Bilingual Psychological Services, MSc, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Meet Ur Therapy | Bilingual Psychological Services
Psychotherapist, MSc, PACFA
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
I am a licensed Counselling Psychologist from Taiwan and based in Australia, Prior to settling in Australia, I had been working as a therapist in the United States and Taiwan for 10 years after earning my master’s degree.
I am a licensed Counselling Psychologist from Taiwan and based in Australia, Prior to settling in Australia, I had been working as a therapist in the United States and Taiwan for 10 years after earning my master’s degree.
(07) 3179 6972 View (07) 3179 6972
Photo of Kayla Matisi, MPsych, PsyBA Prov, Psychologist
Kayla Matisi
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA Prov
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carlton North, VIC 3054
I am a warm, compassionate and dedicated provisional psychologist. I strive to create a comfortable and safe environment for all my clients that is free from judgement and filled with curiosity. I have experience working with issues with mood, anxiety, trauma, complex trauma, stress, relationship issues, and perfectionism. I aim to be the stable mountain that helps you weather whatever storm they are facing and will work collaboratively with you to meet their goals while maintaining trauma-informed, LGBTQIA+ friendly and neurodiversity-affirming care.
I am a warm, compassionate and dedicated provisional psychologist. I strive to create a comfortable and safe environment for all my clients that is free from judgement and filled with curiosity. I have experience working with issues with mood, anxiety, trauma, complex trauma, stress, relationship issues, and perfectionism. I aim to be the stable mountain that helps you weather whatever storm they are facing and will work collaboratively with you to meet their goals while maintaining trauma-informed, LGBTQIA+ friendly and neurodiversity-affirming care.
(03) 7003 2942 View (03) 7003 2942
Photo of Jedrek Hagedorn, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Jedrek Hagedorn
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
I am a Clinical Psychologist experienced in supporting people with a range of issues, including anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress disorder and relationship difficulties. I have worked with emergency service personnel such as police and paramedics, individuals having experienced accidents and bullying at work, men and women struggling with emotional, relationship or drug and alcohol problems, as well as parents and carers of young children needing parenting support. I also enjoy working with couples therapeutically.
I am a Clinical Psychologist experienced in supporting people with a range of issues, including anxiety, depression, post traumatic stress disorder and relationship difficulties. I have worked with emergency service personnel such as police and paramedics, individuals having experienced accidents and bullying at work, men and women struggling with emotional, relationship or drug and alcohol problems, as well as parents and carers of young children needing parenting support. I also enjoy working with couples therapeutically.
(03) 7003 2437 View (03) 7003 2437
Photo of Susie Kim, ACA-L2, Psychotherapist
Susie Kim
Psychotherapist, ACA-L2
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
I work within a trauma-informed, anti-oppressive framework offering support for those who are struggling with the effects of anxiety, depression, trauma, difficult family dynamics, grief and loss. I offer a safe, non-judgemental space for people of all lifestyles, cultures, bodies, and gender identities.
I work within a trauma-informed, anti-oppressive framework offering support for those who are struggling with the effects of anxiety, depression, trauma, difficult family dynamics, grief and loss. I offer a safe, non-judgemental space for people of all lifestyles, cultures, bodies, and gender identities.
(03) 7003 2774 View (03) 7003 2774
Photo of Giulia Flammea, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Giulia Flammea
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
My therapeutic approach uniquely centres on combining emotion-focused and somatic-based methods, with a commitment to addressing mental health concerns from a holistic mind-body perspective. By encouraging clients to explore internal felt-sense experiences linked to their psychological challenges, I believe clients can gain a deeper understanding of their internal landscape, and process psychological pain on a deep-rooted level.
My therapeutic approach uniquely centres on combining emotion-focused and somatic-based methods, with a commitment to addressing mental health concerns from a holistic mind-body perspective. By encouraging clients to explore internal felt-sense experiences linked to their psychological challenges, I believe clients can gain a deeper understanding of their internal landscape, and process psychological pain on a deep-rooted level.
(03) 7003 2162 View (03) 7003 2162
Photo of Jennifer Castledine, AMHSW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Castledine
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AMHSW
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054  (Online Only)
So many people feel lonely and disconnected. This can have many causes - childhood trauma, bullying, there are numerous factors. This results in anxiety, depression, sometimes suicidal thoughts. I value people beginning to see their own self worth, to recover from anxiety, depression trauma, whatever has caused them problems. Wonderful to see people starting to cope better with life, to become fully alive and be able to have meaningful relationships. Whatever is causing you suffering doesn't need to continue, do the work and start to recover.
So many people feel lonely and disconnected. This can have many causes - childhood trauma, bullying, there are numerous factors. This results in anxiety, depression, sometimes suicidal thoughts. I value people beginning to see their own self worth, to recover from anxiety, depression trauma, whatever has caused them problems. Wonderful to see people starting to cope better with life, to become fully alive and be able to have meaningful relationships. Whatever is causing you suffering doesn't need to continue, do the work and start to recover.
(03) 6118 7103 View (03) 6118 7103
Photo of Philippa Page, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Philippa Page
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
2 Endorsed
Carlton North, VIC 3054
Waitlist for new clients
I am a registered psychologist who works with adolescents (16 and up) and adults. I pride myself on making all clients feel welcome and comfortable in the therapeutic space. I like to take the time to deeply understand each individual client in order to cater my therapeutic approach to the individual. I see the client as the expert in the room and tap into their knowledge of themselves and their presenting issues to collaboratively work through and understand the issue together. I endeavour to help clients develop long lasting strategies and insight into themselves to be able to use and apply outside of the therapeutic space.
I am a registered psychologist who works with adolescents (16 and up) and adults. I pride myself on making all clients feel welcome and comfortable in the therapeutic space. I like to take the time to deeply understand each individual client in order to cater my therapeutic approach to the individual. I see the client as the expert in the room and tap into their knowledge of themselves and their presenting issues to collaboratively work through and understand the issue together. I endeavour to help clients develop long lasting strategies and insight into themselves to be able to use and apply outside of the therapeutic space.
(03) 9068 5157 View (03) 9068 5157
Photo of Esther Ogilvie, MSc
Esther Ogilvie
MSc
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carlton North, VIC 3054
Do you suffer from unprocessed trauma or feel stuck, anxious, depressed? Are you experiencing sex or gender identity issues, interpersonal struggles or emotional dysregulation? This includes relationships with fear, self-doubt, shame and guilt, and major life transitions. Through our sessions you will see a change in your nervous system and emotional regulation, self-awareness of patterns and behaviours, self-compassion and a larger vitality for life. I offer support for individuals and couples experiencing relationship challenges particularly ethical non monogamy and kink. Couples will experience a new found sense of understanding.
Do you suffer from unprocessed trauma or feel stuck, anxious, depressed? Are you experiencing sex or gender identity issues, interpersonal struggles or emotional dysregulation? This includes relationships with fear, self-doubt, shame and guilt, and major life transitions. Through our sessions you will see a change in your nervous system and emotional regulation, self-awareness of patterns and behaviours, self-compassion and a larger vitality for life. I offer support for individuals and couples experiencing relationship challenges particularly ethical non monogamy and kink. Couples will experience a new found sense of understanding.
View
Photo of Henry Fowkes, PACFA, Psychotherapist
Henry Fowkes
Psychotherapist, PACFA
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
I am a PACFA registered Gestalt psychotherapist who is passionate about change, embodiment, and relationships. I work collaboratively with my clients to create a safe, comfortable environment with the intention of supporting to expand their awareness and develop inner resources to fully embrace life's challenges. My approach is grounded in Gestalt's holistic philosophy, which believes in our inherent wholeness, resilience, and interconnectedness with the world around us. I work side-by-side my clients, to deepen their understanding of how they relate to themselves and their world to help create more choice.
I am a PACFA registered Gestalt psychotherapist who is passionate about change, embodiment, and relationships. I work collaboratively with my clients to create a safe, comfortable environment with the intention of supporting to expand their awareness and develop inner resources to fully embrace life's challenges. My approach is grounded in Gestalt's holistic philosophy, which believes in our inherent wholeness, resilience, and interconnectedness with the world around us. I work side-by-side my clients, to deepen their understanding of how they relate to themselves and their world to help create more choice.
(03) 7003 2161 View (03) 7003 2161
Photo of Ana Romero, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Ana Romero
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
Ana is a registered psychologist with over 16 years' experience working in various roles in mental health and disability. Ana is a warm and compassionate psychologist who will collaborate with you to identify and harness your strengths to a create a meaningful life. Ana uses the therapeutic space to support her clients to develop self-confidence, assertiveness, emotional regulation and gain greater insight on their life patterns to empower her clients to create meaningful changes. Ana uses an integrative therapeutic approach to tailor her approach to the unique needs of the individual and their treatment goals.
Ana is a registered psychologist with over 16 years' experience working in various roles in mental health and disability. Ana is a warm and compassionate psychologist who will collaborate with you to identify and harness your strengths to a create a meaningful life. Ana uses the therapeutic space to support her clients to develop self-confidence, assertiveness, emotional regulation and gain greater insight on their life patterns to empower her clients to create meaningful changes. Ana uses an integrative therapeutic approach to tailor her approach to the unique needs of the individual and their treatment goals.
(03) 7003 2727 View (03) 7003 2727
Photo of Jennifer H Gerrand - Jennifer Gerrand Counselling, AASW, Clinical Social Work/Therapist
Jennifer Gerrand Counselling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, AASW
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
I'm a counsellor, trauma-informed consellor, social worker, Sensorimotor Psychotherapist and NeurOptimal Dynamical Neurofeedback provider. I've worked with people of all ages with a range of issues in a range of settings. I offer counselling and trauma-informed counselling, plus NeurOptimal Dynamical Neurofeedback either by itself, or with counselling.
I'm a counsellor, trauma-informed consellor, social worker, Sensorimotor Psychotherapist and NeurOptimal Dynamical Neurofeedback provider. I've worked with people of all ages with a range of issues in a range of settings. I offer counselling and trauma-informed counselling, plus NeurOptimal Dynamical Neurofeedback either by itself, or with counselling.
(03) 7003 2702 View (03) 7003 2702
Photo of Pushba Thangaraju, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych, Psychologist
Pushba Thangaraju
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA - Clin. Psych
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054  (Online Only)
You have tools and skills to manage your symptoms and are pretty good at changing your thoughts about a situation, but your feelings are still “stuck”. You don’t like traditional talk therapy and want to explore some evidence-based experiential techniques instead. If this you, I would be able to assist you. For more information, please visit my website https:/www.innerharmonywellness.com.au. Currently, I am mostly offering Telehealth-based counselling; some in-person sessions for EMDR trauma re-processing sessions.
You have tools and skills to manage your symptoms and are pretty good at changing your thoughts about a situation, but your feelings are still “stuck”. You don’t like traditional talk therapy and want to explore some evidence-based experiential techniques instead. If this you, I would be able to assist you. For more information, please visit my website https:/www.innerharmonywellness.com.au. Currently, I am mostly offering Telehealth-based counselling; some in-person sessions for EMDR trauma re-processing sessions.
(03) 7003 2379 View (03) 7003 2379
Photo of Penelope Beth McDonald - Penny McDonald Psychology, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Penny McDonald Psychology
Psychologist, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
I am a registered psychologist with 20 years' experience providing therapy to individuals who have experienced a range of issues including sexual assault, family violence, grief and loss, other significant traumas, depression and anxiety, and relational issues. I have a keen interest in trauma recovery and with a focus on complex, attachment and developmental trauma. I work with a client centred approach with flexibility as the client is the expert in their own lives. My work assists those to work with the parts of self that might get in the way of life and relationships, build self-compassion and safety.
I am a registered psychologist with 20 years' experience providing therapy to individuals who have experienced a range of issues including sexual assault, family violence, grief and loss, other significant traumas, depression and anxiety, and relational issues. I have a keen interest in trauma recovery and with a focus on complex, attachment and developmental trauma. I work with a client centred approach with flexibility as the client is the expert in their own lives. My work assists those to work with the parts of self that might get in the way of life and relationships, build self-compassion and safety.
(03) 7003 2022 View (03) 7003 2022
Photo of Adam Dalton, MPsych, PsyBA General, Psychologist
Adam Dalton
Psychologist, MPsych, PsyBA General
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
Hi there! I'm Adam (he/him), a clinical psychologist practicing in Melbourne's Carlton North. I work with adults who want to create more intentional and meaningful lives, whatever that might look like to them. I'm especially interested in supporting LGBTQIA+ wellbeing, tackling sex and relationship challenges (like intimacy issues, compulsive sexual behaviours, infidelity and break-ups, or navigating non-traditional relationship structures), and helping people break free from unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaving (like critical self-talk, procrastination, or perfectionism).
Hi there! I'm Adam (he/him), a clinical psychologist practicing in Melbourne's Carlton North. I work with adults who want to create more intentional and meaningful lives, whatever that might look like to them. I'm especially interested in supporting LGBTQIA+ wellbeing, tackling sex and relationship challenges (like intimacy issues, compulsive sexual behaviours, infidelity and break-ups, or navigating non-traditional relationship structures), and helping people break free from unhelpful patterns of thinking and behaving (like critical self-talk, procrastination, or perfectionism).
(03) 7003 2794 View (03) 7003 2794
Photo of Jerome Scaffidi, MPsych, MAPS, Psychologist
Jerome Scaffidi
Psychologist, MPsych, MAPS
Verified Verified
Carlton North, VIC 3054
I am endlessly curious about the human condition and the incredible resilience people develop in order to deal with adversity. I am dedicated to helping people explore the sacredness of life and develop deeper connections with themselves and others. I bring an open heart to understanding your unique values and worldview, balanced with pragmatic, goal-focused clinical guidance. I view our relationship as an integral part of the therapeutic process and offer an honest and compassionate environment to explore how we work together.
I am endlessly curious about the human condition and the incredible resilience people develop in order to deal with adversity. I am dedicated to helping people explore the sacredness of life and develop deeper connections with themselves and others. I bring an open heart to understanding your unique values and worldview, balanced with pragmatic, goal-focused clinical guidance. I view our relationship as an integral part of the therapeutic process and offer an honest and compassionate environment to explore how we work together.
(03) 9021 8834 View (03) 9021 8834
Alexander J Karkar
Psychotherapist
Verified Verified
1 Endorsed
Carlton North, VIC 3054
If a psychoanalyst is in a position to listen, then the patient - the one said to be 'in analysis', is certainly in a position to speak. Nevertheless, there is very little that is certain about being in a position to speak, especially speaking under the directive of the fundamental rule: Say whatever comes to mind, censor nothing, no matter how insignificant, Idiotic, perverse, or crazy you think it is. Proceeding in this manner for a while would it be at all surprising if we came to learn something?
If a psychoanalyst is in a position to listen, then the patient - the one said to be 'in analysis', is certainly in a position to speak. Nevertheless, there is very little that is certain about being in a position to speak, especially speaking under the directive of the fundamental rule: Say whatever comes to mind, censor nothing, no matter how insignificant, Idiotic, perverse, or crazy you think it is. Proceeding in this manner for a while would it be at all surprising if we came to learn something?
(03) 6146 1675 View (03) 6146 1675
1

See more therapy options for 3054

How does your Counsellor compare?

Number of Counsellors in 3054

80+

Average cost per session

$180

Counsellors in 3054 who prioritize treating:

93% Anxiety
85% Depression
84% Stress
79% Self Esteem
78% Relationship Issues
74% Trauma and PTSD
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

9 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

83% Medicare Rebates
50% Bupa
38% Medibank Private

How Counsellors in 3054 see their clients

94% In Person and Online
6% Online Only

Gender breakdown

75% Female
25% Male
FAQs - About Therapy and Counselling

How can I find a therapist in 3054?

Search for nearby psychologists or counsellors by inputting your city, suburb, postcode, or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or postcode into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

Counsellors and Psychotherapists listed in the directory are members of the main professional associations, mainly the Australian Counselling Association and the Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia. Psychologists must be registered in the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). Most Social Workers listed in the directory are members of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW).

Providers whose professional membership or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Given that professional memberships are not a statutory requirement for social workers, psychotherapists and counsellors in Australia, certain qualified professionals or organisations may choose not to maintain such memberships despite possessing the necessary qualifications. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counsellor?

Counsellors, psychotherapists and psychologists can all provide counselling or talking therapy and have credentials and experience that enable them to do so in Australia.

Psychologists have earned a 4 year undergraduate degree in psychology and have completed a postgraduate internship or postgraduate degree. Psychotherapists generally have an undergraduate degree in a health related field in addition to 3-4 years of specialist training in psychotherapy and a period of personal psychotherapy. In order to belong to a professional organisation such as the ACA or PACFA, counsellors and psychotherapists are required to have completed a certain level of AQF qualifications and/ or an approved training course as well as clinical and supervision hours. Social Workers registered with the AASW are required to have a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in Social Work from an accredited institution.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, the cost of a therapy session in Australia could be between $100 and $250. If you have private insurance, your plan may cover some if not all of your sessions. You should contact your insurance provider to determine if they provide coverage for therapy sessions and to determine what, if any, requirements they might have in order for your sessions to be covered, such as a referral from your GP or medical specialist.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

If you are struggling to access therapy due to budget constraints, you could also consider public funded mental health services. The Better Access Scheme is a government program offering Medicare rebates for mental health care. To access the program you will need to be assessed and diagnosed by your GP and get a Mental Health Plan. This will allow you to receive up to 10 individual sessions and 10 group sessions a year with practitioners who accept bulk billing, with no out of pocket costs for you.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your postcode.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Therapists who are part of a professional organisation such as the ACA, PACFA, or the APS are bound by an ethical framework that requires them to uphold a confidentiality agreement. Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship and only under specific circumstances, such as when there is the potential or known harm to the client or others or when a minor is in danger, will a therapist be obligated to break the agreement. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed during the initial consultation.